webbrowser.py 23 KB

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  1. #! /usr/bin/env python3
  2. """Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling Web browsers."""
  3. # Maintained by Georg Brandl.
  4. import os
  5. import shlex
  6. import shutil
  7. import sys
  8. import subprocess
  9. import threading
  10. __all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]
  11. class Error(Exception):
  12. pass
  13. _lock = threading.RLock()
  14. _browsers = {} # Dictionary of available browser controllers
  15. _tryorder = None # Preference order of available browsers
  16. _os_preferred_browser = None # The preferred browser
  17. def register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False):
  18. """Register a browser connector."""
  19. with _lock:
  20. if _tryorder is None:
  21. register_standard_browsers()
  22. _browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]
  23. # Preferred browsers go to the front of the list.
  24. # Need to match to the default browser returned by xdg-settings, which
  25. # may be of the form e.g. "firefox.desktop".
  26. if preferred or (_os_preferred_browser and name in _os_preferred_browser):
  27. _tryorder.insert(0, name)
  28. else:
  29. _tryorder.append(name)
  30. def get(using=None):
  31. """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
  32. if _tryorder is None:
  33. with _lock:
  34. if _tryorder is None:
  35. register_standard_browsers()
  36. if using is not None:
  37. alternatives = [using]
  38. else:
  39. alternatives = _tryorder
  40. for browser in alternatives:
  41. if '%s' in browser:
  42. # User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
  43. browser = shlex.split(browser)
  44. if browser[-1] == '&':
  45. return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1])
  46. else:
  47. return GenericBrowser(browser)
  48. else:
  49. # User gave us a browser name or path.
  50. try:
  51. command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
  52. except KeyError:
  53. command = _synthesize(browser)
  54. if command[1] is not None:
  55. return command[1]
  56. elif command[0] is not None:
  57. return command[0]()
  58. raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")
  59. # Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
  60. # It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
  61. # instead of "from webbrowser import *".
  62. def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  63. if _tryorder is None:
  64. with _lock:
  65. if _tryorder is None:
  66. register_standard_browsers()
  67. for name in _tryorder:
  68. browser = get(name)
  69. if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
  70. return True
  71. return False
  72. def open_new(url):
  73. return open(url, 1)
  74. def open_new_tab(url):
  75. return open(url, 2)
  76. def _synthesize(browser, *, preferred=False):
  77. """Attempt to synthesize a controller based on existing controllers.
  78. This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
  79. an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
  80. controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
  81. browser in this way.
  82. If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
  83. executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].
  84. """
  85. cmd = browser.split()[0]
  86. if not shutil.which(cmd):
  87. return [None, None]
  88. name = os.path.basename(cmd)
  89. try:
  90. command = _browsers[name.lower()]
  91. except KeyError:
  92. return [None, None]
  93. # now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
  94. controller = command[1]
  95. if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
  96. import copy
  97. controller = copy.copy(controller)
  98. controller.name = browser
  99. controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
  100. register(browser, None, instance=controller, preferred=preferred)
  101. return [None, controller]
  102. return [None, None]
  103. # General parent classes
  104. class BaseBrowser(object):
  105. """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""
  106. args = ['%s']
  107. def __init__(self, name=""):
  108. self.name = name
  109. self.basename = name
  110. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  111. raise NotImplementedError
  112. def open_new(self, url):
  113. return self.open(url, 1)
  114. def open_new_tab(self, url):
  115. return self.open(url, 2)
  116. class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
  117. """Class for all browsers started with a command
  118. and without remote functionality."""
  119. def __init__(self, name):
  120. if isinstance(name, str):
  121. self.name = name
  122. self.args = ["%s"]
  123. else:
  124. # name should be a list with arguments
  125. self.name = name[0]
  126. self.args = name[1:]
  127. self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)
  128. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  129. cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
  130. for arg in self.args]
  131. try:
  132. if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
  133. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
  134. else:
  135. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
  136. return not p.wait()
  137. except OSError:
  138. return False
  139. class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
  140. """Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
  141. background."""
  142. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  143. cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
  144. for arg in self.args]
  145. try:
  146. if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
  147. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
  148. else:
  149. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True,
  150. start_new_session=True)
  151. return (p.poll() is None)
  152. except OSError:
  153. return False
  154. class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
  155. """Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""
  156. raise_opts = None
  157. background = False
  158. redirect_stdout = True
  159. # In remote_args, %s will be replaced with the requested URL. %action will
  160. # be replaced depending on the value of 'new' passed to open.
  161. # remote_action is used for new=0 (open). If newwin is not None, it is
  162. # used for new=1 (open_new). If newtab is not None, it is used for
  163. # new=3 (open_new_tab). After both substitutions are made, any empty
  164. # strings in the transformed remote_args list will be removed.
  165. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  166. remote_action = None
  167. remote_action_newwin = None
  168. remote_action_newtab = None
  169. def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise):
  170. raise_opt = []
  171. if remote and self.raise_opts:
  172. # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
  173. autoraise = int(autoraise)
  174. opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
  175. if opt: raise_opt = [opt]
  176. cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
  177. if remote or self.background:
  178. inout = subprocess.DEVNULL
  179. else:
  180. # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
  181. inout = None
  182. p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
  183. stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
  184. stderr=inout, start_new_session=True)
  185. if remote:
  186. # wait at most five seconds. If the subprocess is not finished, the
  187. # remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
  188. try:
  189. rc = p.wait(5)
  190. # if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
  191. return not rc
  192. except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
  193. return True
  194. elif self.background:
  195. if p.poll() is None:
  196. return True
  197. else:
  198. return False
  199. else:
  200. return not p.wait()
  201. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  202. if new == 0:
  203. action = self.remote_action
  204. elif new == 1:
  205. action = self.remote_action_newwin
  206. elif new == 2:
  207. if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
  208. action = self.remote_action_newwin
  209. else:
  210. action = self.remote_action_newtab
  211. else:
  212. raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
  213. "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)
  214. args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
  215. for arg in self.remote_args]
  216. args = [arg for arg in args if arg]
  217. success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise)
  218. if not success:
  219. # remote invocation failed, try straight way
  220. args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
  221. return self._invoke(args, False, False)
  222. else:
  223. return True
  224. class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
  225. """Launcher class for Mozilla browsers."""
  226. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  227. remote_action = ""
  228. remote_action_newwin = "-new-window"
  229. remote_action_newtab = "-new-tab"
  230. background = True
  231. class Netscape(UnixBrowser):
  232. """Launcher class for Netscape browser."""
  233. raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
  234. remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
  235. remote_action = ""
  236. remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
  237. remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
  238. background = True
  239. class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
  240. """Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""
  241. raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
  242. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  243. remote_action = "-n"
  244. remote_action_newwin = "-w"
  245. background = True
  246. class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
  247. "Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."
  248. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  249. remote_action = ""
  250. remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
  251. remote_action_newtab = ""
  252. background = True
  253. Chromium = Chrome
  254. class Opera(UnixBrowser):
  255. "Launcher class for Opera browser."
  256. remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
  257. remote_action = ""
  258. remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
  259. remote_action_newtab = ""
  260. background = True
  261. class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
  262. "Launcher class for Elinks browsers."
  263. remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
  264. remote_action = ""
  265. remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
  266. remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
  267. background = False
  268. # elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
  269. # it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
  270. redirect_stdout = False
  271. class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
  272. """Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).
  273. See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
  274. for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
  275. """
  276. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  277. # XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
  278. if new == 2:
  279. action = "newTab"
  280. else:
  281. action = "openURL"
  282. devnull = subprocess.DEVNULL
  283. try:
  284. p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
  285. close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
  286. stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
  287. except OSError:
  288. # fall through to next variant
  289. pass
  290. else:
  291. p.wait()
  292. # kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
  293. return True
  294. try:
  295. p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
  296. close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
  297. stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
  298. start_new_session=True)
  299. except OSError:
  300. # fall through to next variant
  301. pass
  302. else:
  303. if p.poll() is None:
  304. # Should be running now.
  305. return True
  306. try:
  307. p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
  308. close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
  309. stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
  310. start_new_session=True)
  311. except OSError:
  312. return False
  313. else:
  314. return (p.poll() is None)
  315. class Grail(BaseBrowser):
  316. # There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
  317. # Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
  318. # point. It probably never will!
  319. def _find_grail_rc(self):
  320. import glob
  321. import pwd
  322. import socket
  323. import tempfile
  324. tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
  325. ".grail-unix")
  326. user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
  327. filename = os.path.join(tempdir, user + "-*")
  328. maybes = glob.glob(filename)
  329. if not maybes:
  330. return None
  331. s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
  332. for fn in maybes:
  333. # need to PING each one until we find one that's live
  334. try:
  335. s.connect(fn)
  336. except OSError:
  337. # no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
  338. try:
  339. os.unlink(fn)
  340. except OSError:
  341. pass
  342. else:
  343. return s
  344. def _remote(self, action):
  345. s = self._find_grail_rc()
  346. if not s:
  347. return 0
  348. s.send(action)
  349. s.close()
  350. return 1
  351. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  352. if new:
  353. ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
  354. else:
  355. ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
  356. return ok
  357. #
  358. # Platform support for Unix
  359. #
  360. # These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
  361. # a console terminal or an X display to run.
  362. def register_X_browsers():
  363. # use xdg-open if around
  364. if shutil.which("xdg-open"):
  365. register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open"))
  366. # The default GNOME3 browser
  367. if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gvfs-open"):
  368. register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open"))
  369. # The default GNOME browser
  370. if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gnome-open"):
  371. register("gnome-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gnome-open"))
  372. # The default KDE browser
  373. if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and shutil.which("kfmclient"):
  374. register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))
  375. if shutil.which("x-www-browser"):
  376. register("x-www-browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("x-www-browser"))
  377. # The Mozilla browsers
  378. for browser in ("firefox", "iceweasel", "iceape", "seamonkey"):
  379. if shutil.which(browser):
  380. register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))
  381. # The Netscape and old Mozilla browsers
  382. for browser in ("mozilla-firefox",
  383. "mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
  384. "mozilla", "netscape"):
  385. if shutil.which(browser):
  386. register(browser, None, Netscape(browser))
  387. # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
  388. if shutil.which("kfm"):
  389. register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
  390. elif shutil.which("konqueror"):
  391. register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))
  392. # Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
  393. for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
  394. if shutil.which(browser):
  395. register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))
  396. # Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
  397. if shutil.which("skipstone"):
  398. register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))
  399. # Google Chrome/Chromium browsers
  400. for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"):
  401. if shutil.which(browser):
  402. register(browser, None, Chrome(browser))
  403. # Opera, quite popular
  404. if shutil.which("opera"):
  405. register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))
  406. # Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
  407. if shutil.which("mosaic"):
  408. register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))
  409. # Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
  410. if shutil.which("grail"):
  411. register("grail", Grail, None)
  412. def register_standard_browsers():
  413. global _tryorder
  414. _tryorder = []
  415. if sys.platform == 'darwin':
  416. register("MacOSX", None, MacOSXOSAScript('default'))
  417. register("chrome", None, MacOSXOSAScript('chrome'))
  418. register("firefox", None, MacOSXOSAScript('firefox'))
  419. register("safari", None, MacOSXOSAScript('safari'))
  420. # OS X can use below Unix support (but we prefer using the OS X
  421. # specific stuff)
  422. if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
  423. # First try to use the default Windows browser
  424. register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)
  425. # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to IE
  426. iexplore = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
  427. "Internet Explorer\\IEXPLORE.EXE")
  428. for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
  429. "netscape", "opera", iexplore):
  430. if shutil.which(browser):
  431. register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))
  432. else:
  433. # Prefer X browsers if present
  434. if os.environ.get("DISPLAY"):
  435. try:
  436. cmd = "xdg-settings get default-web-browser".split()
  437. raw_result = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
  438. result = raw_result.decode().strip()
  439. except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
  440. pass
  441. else:
  442. global _os_preferred_browser
  443. _os_preferred_browser = result
  444. register_X_browsers()
  445. # Also try console browsers
  446. if os.environ.get("TERM"):
  447. if shutil.which("www-browser"):
  448. register("www-browser", None, GenericBrowser("www-browser"))
  449. # The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
  450. if shutil.which("links"):
  451. register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
  452. if shutil.which("elinks"):
  453. register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
  454. # The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
  455. if shutil.which("lynx"):
  456. register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
  457. # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
  458. if shutil.which("w3m"):
  459. register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))
  460. # OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each
  461. # platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable.
  462. if "BROWSER" in os.environ:
  463. userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep)
  464. userchoices.reverse()
  465. # Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register
  466. # and prepend to _tryorder
  467. for cmdline in userchoices:
  468. if cmdline != '':
  469. cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, preferred=True)
  470. if cmd[1] is None:
  471. register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), preferred=True)
  472. # what to do if _tryorder is now empty?
  473. #
  474. # Platform support for Windows
  475. #
  476. if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
  477. class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
  478. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  479. try:
  480. os.startfile(url)
  481. except OSError:
  482. # [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified
  483. # file for this operation: '<URL>'
  484. return False
  485. else:
  486. return True
  487. #
  488. # Platform support for MacOS
  489. #
  490. if sys.platform == 'darwin':
  491. # Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr
  492. class MacOSX(BaseBrowser):
  493. """Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X
  494. Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation. Note that this
  495. will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application
  496. package after installation.
  497. If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the
  498. Internet System Preferences panel, will be used.
  499. """
  500. def __init__(self, name):
  501. self.name = name
  502. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  503. assert "'" not in url
  504. # hack for local urls
  505. if not ':' in url:
  506. url = 'file:'+url
  507. # new must be 0 or 1
  508. new = int(bool(new))
  509. if self.name == "default":
  510. # User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter
  511. script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
  512. else:
  513. # User called get and chose a browser
  514. if self.name == "OmniWeb":
  515. toWindow = ""
  516. else:
  517. # Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers
  518. # that support it. 0 == new window; -1 == existing
  519. toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1)
  520. cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22')
  521. script = '''tell application "%s"
  522. activate
  523. %s %s
  524. end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow)
  525. # Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command
  526. osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
  527. if osapipe is None:
  528. return False
  529. # Write script to osascript's stdin
  530. osapipe.write(script)
  531. rc = osapipe.close()
  532. return not rc
  533. class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
  534. def __init__(self, name):
  535. self._name = name
  536. def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
  537. if self._name == 'default':
  538. script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
  539. else:
  540. script = '''
  541. tell application "%s"
  542. activate
  543. open location "%s"
  544. end
  545. '''%(self._name, url.replace('"', '%22'))
  546. osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
  547. if osapipe is None:
  548. return False
  549. osapipe.write(script)
  550. rc = osapipe.close()
  551. return not rc
  552. def main():
  553. import getopt
  554. usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t] url
  555. -n: open new window
  556. -t: open new tab""" % sys.argv[0]
  557. try:
  558. opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntd')
  559. except getopt.error as msg:
  560. print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
  561. print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
  562. sys.exit(1)
  563. new_win = 0
  564. for o, a in opts:
  565. if o == '-n': new_win = 1
  566. elif o == '-t': new_win = 2
  567. if len(args) != 1:
  568. print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
  569. sys.exit(1)
  570. url = args[0]
  571. open(url, new_win)
  572. print("\a")
  573. if __name__ == "__main__":
  574. main()