wasm-micro-runtime/core/iwasm/interpreter/wasm_runtime.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 */

#include "wasm_runtime.h"
#include "wasm_loader.h"
#include "wasm_interp.h"
#include "bh_common.h"
#include "bh_log.h"
#include "mem_alloc.h"
#include "../common/wasm_runtime_common.h"
#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
#include "../common/wasm_shared_memory.h"
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
#include "../libraries/thread-mgr/thread_manager.h"
#endif

static void
set_error_buf(char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size, const char *string)
{
    if (error_buf != NULL) {
        snprintf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                 "WASM module instantiate failed: %s", string);
    }
}

static void
set_error_buf_v(char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size,
                const char *format, ...)
{
    va_list args;
    char buf[128];

    if (error_buf != NULL) {
        va_start(args, format);
        vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), format, args);
        va_end(args);
        snprintf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                 "WASM module instantiate failed: %s", buf);
    }
}

WASMModule*
wasm_load(const uint8 *buf, uint32 size,
          char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    return wasm_loader_load(buf, size, error_buf, error_buf_size);
}

WASMModule*
wasm_load_from_sections(WASMSection *section_list,
                        char *error_buf, uint32_t error_buf_size)
{
    return wasm_loader_load_from_sections(section_list,
                                          error_buf, error_buf_size);
}

void
wasm_unload(WASMModule *module)
{
    wasm_loader_unload(module);
}

static void *
runtime_malloc(uint64 size, char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    void *mem;

    if (size >= UINT32_MAX
        || !(mem = wasm_runtime_malloc((uint32)size))) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "allocate memory failed");
        return NULL;
    }

    memset(mem, 0, (uint32)size);
    return mem;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
static WASMModuleInstance *
get_sub_module_inst(const WASMModuleInstance *parent_module_inst,
                    const WASMModule *sub_module)
{
    bh_list *sub_module_inst_list = parent_module_inst->sub_module_inst_list;
    WASMSubModInstNode *node = bh_list_first_elem(sub_module_inst_list);

    while (node && sub_module != node->module_inst->module) {
        node = bh_list_elem_next(node);
    }
    return node ? node->module_inst : NULL;
}
#endif

/**
 * Destroy memory instances.
 */
static void
memories_deinstantiate(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                       WASMMemoryInstance **memories,
                       uint32 count)
{
    uint32 i;
    if (memories) {
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
            if (memories[i]) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
                if (memories[i]->owner != module_inst)
                    continue;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
                if (memories[i]->is_shared) {
                    int32 ref_count =
                        shared_memory_dec_reference(
                            (WASMModuleCommon *)module_inst->module);
                    bh_assert(ref_count >= 0);

                    /* if the reference count is not zero,
                        don't free the memory */
                    if (ref_count > 0)
                        continue;
                }
                os_mutex_destroy(&memories[i]->mem_lock);
#endif
                if (memories[i]->heap_handle) {
                    mem_allocator_destroy(memories[i]->heap_handle);
                    wasm_runtime_free(memories[i]->heap_handle);
                    memories[i]->heap_handle = NULL;
                }
                if (memories[i]->memory_data)
                    wasm_runtime_free(memories[i]->memory_data);
                wasm_runtime_free(memories[i]);
            }
        }
        wasm_runtime_free(memories);
  }
  (void)module_inst;
}

static WASMMemoryInstance*
memory_instantiate(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                   uint32 num_bytes_per_page,
                   uint32 init_page_count, uint32 max_page_count,
                   uint32 heap_size, uint32 flags,
                   char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMModule *module = module_inst->module;
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory;
    uint64 memory_data_size;
    uint32 heap_offset = num_bytes_per_page * init_page_count;
    uint32 inc_page_count, aux_heap_base, global_idx;
    uint32 bytes_of_last_page, bytes_to_page_end;
    uint8 *global_addr;

#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
    bool is_shared_memory = flags & 0x02 ? true : false;

    /* shared memory */
    if (is_shared_memory) {
        WASMSharedMemNode *node =
            wasm_module_get_shared_memory(
                (WASMModuleCommon *)module_inst->module);
        /* If the memory of this module has been instantiated,
            return the memory instance directly */
        if (node) {
            uint32 ref_count;
            ref_count = shared_memory_inc_reference(
                            (WASMModuleCommon *)module_inst->module);
            bh_assert(ref_count > 0);
            memory = (WASMMemoryInstance *)shared_memory_get_memory_inst(node);
            bh_assert(memory);

            (void)ref_count;
            return memory;
        }
    }
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY */

    if (heap_size > 0
        && module_inst->module->malloc_function != (uint32)-1
        && module_inst->module->free_function != (uint32)-1) {
        /* Disable app heap, use malloc/free function exported
           by wasm app to allocate/free memory instead */
        heap_size = 0;
    }

    if (init_page_count == max_page_count && init_page_count == 1) {
        /* If only one page and at most one page, we just append
           the app heap to the end of linear memory, enlarge the
           num_bytes_per_page, and don't change the page count*/
        heap_offset = num_bytes_per_page;
        num_bytes_per_page += heap_size;
        if (num_bytes_per_page < heap_size) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "memory size must be at most 65536 pages (4GiB)");
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else if (heap_size > 0) {
        if (module->aux_heap_base_global_index != (uint32)-1
            && module->aux_heap_base < num_bytes_per_page
                                       * init_page_count) {
            /* Insert app heap before __heap_base */
            aux_heap_base = module->aux_heap_base;
            bytes_of_last_page = aux_heap_base % num_bytes_per_page;
            if (bytes_of_last_page == 0)
                bytes_of_last_page = num_bytes_per_page;
            bytes_to_page_end = num_bytes_per_page - bytes_of_last_page;
            inc_page_count = (heap_size - bytes_to_page_end
                              + num_bytes_per_page - 1) / num_bytes_per_page;
            heap_offset = aux_heap_base;
            aux_heap_base += heap_size;

            bytes_of_last_page = aux_heap_base % num_bytes_per_page;
            if (bytes_of_last_page == 0)
                bytes_of_last_page = num_bytes_per_page;
            bytes_to_page_end = num_bytes_per_page - bytes_of_last_page;
            if (bytes_to_page_end < 1 * BH_KB) {
                aux_heap_base += 1 * BH_KB;
                inc_page_count++;
            }

            /* Adjust __heap_base global value */
            global_idx = module->aux_heap_base_global_index;
            global_addr = module_inst->global_data +
                          module_inst->globals[global_idx].data_offset;
            *(uint32 *)global_addr = aux_heap_base;
            LOG_VERBOSE("Reset __heap_base global to %u", aux_heap_base);
        }
        else {
            /* Insert app heap before new page */
            inc_page_count = (heap_size + num_bytes_per_page - 1)
                             / num_bytes_per_page;
            heap_offset = num_bytes_per_page * init_page_count;
            heap_size = num_bytes_per_page * inc_page_count;
            if (heap_size > 0)
                heap_size -= 1 * BH_KB;
        }
        init_page_count += inc_page_count;
        max_page_count += inc_page_count;
        if (init_page_count > 65536) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "memory size must be at most 65536 pages (4GiB)");
            return NULL;
        }
        if (max_page_count > 65536)
            max_page_count = 65536;
    }

    LOG_VERBOSE("Memory instantiate:");
    LOG_VERBOSE("  page bytes: %u, init pages: %u, max pages: %u",
                num_bytes_per_page, init_page_count, max_page_count);
    LOG_VERBOSE("  heap offset: %u, heap size: %d\n", heap_offset, heap_size);

    memory_data_size = (uint64)num_bytes_per_page * init_page_count;
#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
    if (is_shared_memory) {
        /* Allocate max page for shared memory */
        memory_data_size = (uint64)num_bytes_per_page * max_page_count;
    }
#endif

    /* Allocate memory space, addr data and global data */
    if (!(memory = runtime_malloc((uint64)sizeof(WASMMemoryInstance),
                                  error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (memory_data_size > 0
        && !(memory->memory_data =
                    runtime_malloc(memory_data_size,
                                   error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        goto fail1;
    }

    memory->module_type = Wasm_Module_Bytecode;
    memory->num_bytes_per_page = num_bytes_per_page;
    memory->cur_page_count = init_page_count;
    memory->max_page_count = max_page_count;

    memory->heap_data = memory->memory_data + heap_offset;
    memory->heap_data_end = memory->heap_data + heap_size;
    memory->memory_data_end = memory->memory_data + (uint32)memory_data_size;

    /* Initialize heap */
    if (heap_size > 0) {
        uint32 heap_struct_size = mem_allocator_get_heap_struct_size();

        if (!(memory->heap_handle = runtime_malloc((uint64)heap_struct_size,
                                                   error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
            goto fail2;
        }
        if (!mem_allocator_create_with_struct_and_pool
                    (memory->heap_handle, heap_struct_size,
                     memory->heap_data, heap_size)) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "init app heap failed");
            goto fail3;
        }
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
    if (0 != os_mutex_init(&memory->mem_lock)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "init mutex failed");
        goto fail4;
    }
    if (is_shared_memory) {
        memory->is_shared = true;
        if (!shared_memory_set_memory_inst(
                (WASMModuleCommon *)module_inst->module,
                (WASMMemoryInstanceCommon *)memory)) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "allocate memory failed");
            goto fail5;
        }
    }
#endif
    LOG_VERBOSE("Memory instantiate success.");
    return memory;
#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
fail5:
    os_mutex_destroy(&memory->mem_lock);
fail4:
    if (heap_size > 0)
        mem_allocator_destroy(memory->heap_handle);
#endif
fail3:
    if (heap_size > 0)
        wasm_runtime_free(memory->heap_handle);
fail2:
    if (memory->memory_data)
        wasm_runtime_free(memory->memory_data);
fail1:
    wasm_runtime_free(memory);
    return NULL;
}

/**
 * Instantiate memories in a module.
 */
static WASMMemoryInstance **
memories_instantiate(const WASMModule *module,
                     WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                     uint32 heap_size, char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMImport *import;
    uint32 mem_index = 0, i, memory_count =
        module->import_memory_count + module->memory_count;
    uint64 total_size;
    WASMMemoryInstance **memories, *memory;

    total_size = sizeof(WASMMemoryInstance*) * (uint64)memory_count;

    if (!(memories = runtime_malloc(total_size,
                                    error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    /* instantiate memories from import section */
    import = module->import_memories;
    for (i = 0; i < module->import_memory_count; i++, import++) {
        uint32 num_bytes_per_page = import->u.memory.num_bytes_per_page;
        uint32 init_page_count = import->u.memory.init_page_count;
        uint32 max_page_count = import->u.memory.max_page_count;
        uint32 flags = import->u.memory.flags;
        uint32 actual_heap_size = heap_size;

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        if (import->u.memory.import_module != NULL) {
            WASMModuleInstance *module_inst_linked;

            if (!(module_inst_linked = get_sub_module_inst(
                    module_inst, import->u.memory.import_module))) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "unknown memory");
                memories_deinstantiate(module_inst, memories, memory_count);
                return NULL;
            }

            if (!(memory = memories[mem_index++] = wasm_lookup_memory(
                    module_inst_linked, import->u.memory.field_name))) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "unknown memory");
                memories_deinstantiate(module_inst, memories, memory_count);
                return NULL;
            }
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            if (!(memory = memories[mem_index++] = memory_instantiate(
                    module_inst, num_bytes_per_page, init_page_count,
                    max_page_count, actual_heap_size, flags,
                    error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
                memories_deinstantiate(module_inst, memories, memory_count);
                return NULL;
            }
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
            /* The module of the import memory is a builtin module, and
               the memory is created by current module, set its owner
               to current module, so the memory can be destroyed in
               memories_deinstantiate. */
            memory->owner = module_inst;
#endif
        }
    }

    /* instantiate memories from memory section */
    for (i = 0; i < module->memory_count; i++) {
        if (!(memory = memories[mem_index++] =
                    memory_instantiate(module_inst,
                                       module->memories[i].num_bytes_per_page,
                                       module->memories[i].init_page_count,
                                       module->memories[i].max_page_count,
                                       heap_size, module->memories[i].flags,
                                       error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
            memories_deinstantiate(module_inst, memories, memory_count);
            return NULL;
        }
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        memory->owner = module_inst;
#endif
    }

    if (mem_index == 0) {
        /**
         * no import memory and define memory, but still need heap
         * for wasm code
         */
        if (!(memory = memories[mem_index++] =
                    memory_instantiate(module_inst, 0, 0, 0, heap_size, 0,
                                       error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
            memories_deinstantiate(module_inst, memories, memory_count);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    bh_assert(mem_index == memory_count);
    (void)module_inst;
    return memories;
}

/**
 * Destroy table instances.
 */
static void
tables_deinstantiate(WASMTableInstance **tables, uint32 count)
{
    uint32 i;
    if (tables) {
        for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
            if (tables[i])
                wasm_runtime_free(tables[i]);
        wasm_runtime_free(tables);
    }
}

/**
 * Instantiate tables in a module.
 */
static WASMTableInstance **
tables_instantiate(const WASMModule *module,
                   WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                   char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMImport *import;
    uint32 table_index = 0, i, table_count =
        module->import_table_count + module->table_count;
    uint64 total_size = sizeof(WASMTableInstance*) * (uint64)table_count;
    WASMTableInstance **tables, *table;

    if (!(tables = runtime_malloc(total_size,
                                  error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    /* instantiate tables from import section */
    import = module->import_tables;
    for (i = 0; i < module->import_table_count; i++, import++) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        WASMTableInstance *table_inst_linked = NULL;
        WASMModuleInstance *module_inst_linked = NULL;
        if (import->u.table.import_module) {
            if (!(module_inst_linked =
              get_sub_module_inst(module_inst, import->u.table.import_module))) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "unknown table");
                tables_deinstantiate(tables, table_count);
                return NULL;
            }

            if (!(table_inst_linked = wasm_lookup_table(module_inst_linked,
                                                  import->u.table.field_name))) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "unknown table");
                tables_deinstantiate(tables, table_count);
                return NULL;
            }

            total_size = offsetof(WASMTableInstance, base_addr);
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            /* it is a built-in table, every module has its own */
            total_size = offsetof(WASMTableInstance, base_addr);
            total_size +=
              import->u.table.possible_grow
                ? sizeof(uint32) * (uint64)import->u.table.max_size
                : sizeof(uint32) * (uint64)import->u.table.init_size;
        }

        if (!(table = tables[table_index++] = runtime_malloc
                    (total_size, error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
            tables_deinstantiate(tables, table_count);
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Set all elements to -1 to mark them as uninitialized elements */
        memset(table, -1, (uint32)total_size);
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        table->table_inst_linked = table_inst_linked;
        if (table_inst_linked != NULL) {
            table->elem_type = table_inst_linked->elem_type;
            table->cur_size = table_inst_linked->cur_size;
            table->max_size = table_inst_linked->max_size;
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            table->elem_type = import->u.table.elem_type;
            table->cur_size = import->u.table.init_size;
            table->max_size = import->u.table.max_size;
        }
    }

    /* instantiate tables from table section */
    for (i = 0; i < module->table_count; i++) {
        total_size = offsetof(WASMTableInstance, base_addr);
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        /* in case, a module which imports this table will grow it */
        total_size += sizeof(uint32) * (uint64)module->tables[i].max_size;
#else
        total_size += module->tables[i].possible_grow
                        ? sizeof(uint32) * (uint64)module->tables[i].max_size
                        : sizeof(uint32) * (uint64)module->tables[i].init_size;
#endif
        if (!(table = tables[table_index++] = runtime_malloc
                    (total_size, error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
            tables_deinstantiate(tables, table_count);
            return NULL;
        }

        /* Set all elements to -1 to mark them as uninitialized elements */
        memset(table, -1, (uint32)total_size);
        table->elem_type = module->tables[i].elem_type;
        table->cur_size = module->tables[i].init_size;
        table->max_size = module->tables[i].max_size;
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        table->table_inst_linked = NULL;
#endif
    }

    bh_assert(table_index == table_count);
    (void)module_inst;
    return tables;
}

/**
 * Destroy function instances.
 */
static void
functions_deinstantiate(WASMFunctionInstance *functions, uint32 count)
{
    if (functions) {
        wasm_runtime_free(functions);
    }
}

/**
 * Instantiate functions in a module.
 */
static WASMFunctionInstance *
functions_instantiate(const WASMModule *module,
                      WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                      char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMImport *import;
    uint32 i, function_count =
        module->import_function_count + module->function_count;
    uint64 total_size = sizeof(WASMFunctionInstance) * (uint64)function_count;
    WASMFunctionInstance *functions, *function;

    if (!(functions = runtime_malloc(total_size,
                                     error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    /* instantiate functions from import section */
    function = functions;
    import = module->import_functions;
    for (i = 0; i < module->import_function_count; i++, import++) {
        function->is_import_func = true;

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        if (import->u.function.import_module) {
            function->import_module_inst =
              get_sub_module_inst(module_inst,
                                  import->u.function.import_module);

            if (function->import_module_inst) {
                function->import_func_inst =
                  wasm_lookup_function(function->import_module_inst,
                                       import->u.function.field_name, NULL);
            }
        }
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE */
        function->u.func_import = &import->u.function;
        function->param_cell_num =
          import->u.function.func_type->param_cell_num;
        function->ret_cell_num = import->u.function.func_type->ret_cell_num;
        function->param_count =
          (uint16)function->u.func_import->func_type->param_count;
        function->param_types = function->u.func_import->func_type->types;
        function->local_cell_num = 0;
        function->local_count = 0;
        function->local_types = NULL;

        function++;
    }

    /* instantiate functions from function section */
    for (i = 0; i < module->function_count; i++) {
        function->is_import_func = false;
        function->u.func = module->functions[i];

        function->param_cell_num = function->u.func->param_cell_num;
        function->ret_cell_num = function->u.func->ret_cell_num;
        function->local_cell_num = function->u.func->local_cell_num;

        function->param_count = (uint16)function->u.func->func_type->param_count;
        function->local_count = (uint16)function->u.func->local_count;
        function->param_types = function->u.func->func_type->types;
        function->local_types = function->u.func->local_types;

        function->local_offsets = function->u.func->local_offsets;

#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_INTERP != 0
        function->const_cell_num = function->u.func->const_cell_num;
#endif

        function++;
    }

    bh_assert((uint32)(function - functions) == function_count);
    (void)module_inst;
    return functions;
}

/**
 * Destroy global instances.
 */
static void
globals_deinstantiate(WASMGlobalInstance *globals)
{
    if (globals)
        wasm_runtime_free(globals);
}

static bool
check_global_init_expr(const WASMModule *module, uint32 global_index,
                       char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    if (global_index >= module->import_global_count + module->global_count) {
        set_error_buf_v(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                        "unknown global %d", global_index);
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Currently, constant expressions occurring as initializers of
     * globals are further constrained in that contained global.get
     * instructions are only allowed to refer to imported globals.
     *
     * And initializer expression cannot reference a mutable global.
     */
    if (global_index >= module->import_global_count
        || (module->import_globals + global_index)->u.global.is_mutable) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "constant expression required");
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

/**
 * Instantiate globals in a module.
 */
static WASMGlobalInstance *
globals_instantiate(const WASMModule *module,
                    WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                    uint32 *p_global_data_size, char *error_buf,
                    uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMImport *import;
    uint32 global_data_offset = 0;
    uint32 i, global_count =
        module->import_global_count + module->global_count;
    uint64 total_size = sizeof(WASMGlobalInstance) * (uint64)global_count;
    WASMGlobalInstance *globals, *global;

    if (!(globals = runtime_malloc(total_size,
                                   error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    /* instantiate globals from import section */
    global = globals;
    import = module->import_globals;
    for (i = 0; i < module->import_global_count; i++, import++) {
        WASMGlobalImport *global_import = &import->u.global;
        global->type = global_import->type;
        global->is_mutable = global_import->is_mutable;
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        if (global_import->import_module) {
            if (!(global->import_module_inst = get_sub_module_inst(
                    module_inst, global_import->import_module))) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "unknown global");
                return NULL;
            }

            if (!(global->import_global_inst = wasm_lookup_global(
                    global->import_module_inst, global_import->field_name))) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "unknown global");
                return NULL;
            }

            /* The linked global instance has been initialized, we
               just need to copy the value. */
            bh_memcpy_s(&(global->initial_value), sizeof(WASMValue),
                        &(global_import->import_global_linked->init_expr),
                        sizeof(WASMValue));
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            /* native globals share their initial_values in one module */
            bh_memcpy_s(&(global->initial_value), sizeof(WASMValue),
                        &(global_import->global_data_linked),
                        sizeof(WASMValue));
        }
        global->data_offset = global_data_offset;
        global_data_offset += wasm_value_type_size(global->type);

        global++;
    }

    /* instantiate globals from global section */
    for (i = 0; i < module->global_count; i++) {
        InitializerExpression *init_expr = &(module->globals[i].init_expr);

        global->type = module->globals[i].type;
        global->is_mutable = module->globals[i].is_mutable;
        global->data_offset = global_data_offset;

        global_data_offset += wasm_value_type_size(global->type);

        if (init_expr->init_expr_type == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_GET_GLOBAL) {
            if (!check_global_init_expr(module, init_expr->u.global_index,
                                        error_buf, error_buf_size)) {
                return NULL;
            }

            bh_memcpy_s(
              &(global->initial_value), sizeof(WASMValue),
              &(globals[init_expr->u.global_index].initial_value),
              sizeof(globals[init_expr->u.global_index].initial_value));
        }
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
        else if (init_expr->init_expr_type == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_REFNULL_CONST) {
            global->initial_value.u32 = (uint32)NULL_REF;
        }
#endif
        else {
            bh_memcpy_s(&(global->initial_value), sizeof(WASMValue),
                        &(init_expr->u), sizeof(init_expr->u));
        }
        global++;
    }

    bh_assert((uint32)(global - globals) == global_count);
    *p_global_data_size = global_data_offset;
    (void)module_inst;
    return globals;
}

/**
 * Return export function count in module export section.
 */
static uint32
get_export_count(const WASMModule *module, uint8 kind)
{
    WASMExport *export = module->exports;
    uint32 count = 0, i;

    for (i = 0; i < module->export_count; i++, export++)
        if (export->kind == kind)
            count++;

    return count;
}

/**
 * Destroy export function instances.
 */
static void
export_functions_deinstantiate(WASMExportFuncInstance *functions)
{
    if (functions)
        wasm_runtime_free(functions);
}

/**
 * Instantiate export functions in a module.
 */
static WASMExportFuncInstance*
export_functions_instantiate(const WASMModule *module,
                             WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                             uint32 export_func_count,
                             char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMExportFuncInstance *export_funcs, *export_func;
    WASMExport *export = module->exports;
    uint32 i;
    uint64 total_size = sizeof(WASMExportFuncInstance) * (uint64)export_func_count;

    if (!(export_func = export_funcs = runtime_malloc
                (total_size, error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < module->export_count; i++, export++)
        if (export->kind == EXPORT_KIND_FUNC) {
            export_func->name = export->name;
            export_func->function = &module_inst->functions[export->index];
            export_func++;
        }

    bh_assert((uint32)(export_func - export_funcs) == export_func_count);
    return export_funcs;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
static void
export_globals_deinstantiate(WASMExportGlobInstance *globals)
{
    if (globals)
        wasm_runtime_free(globals);
}

static WASMExportGlobInstance *
export_globals_instantiate(const WASMModule *module,
                          WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                          uint32 export_glob_count, char *error_buf,
                          uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMExportGlobInstance *export_globals, *export_global;
    WASMExport *export = module->exports;
    uint32 i;
    uint64 total_size = sizeof(WASMExportGlobInstance) * (uint64)export_glob_count;

    if (!(export_global = export_globals = runtime_malloc
                (total_size, error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < module->export_count; i++, export++)
        if (export->kind == EXPORT_KIND_GLOBAL) {
            export_global->name = export->name;
            export_global->global = &module_inst->globals[export->index];
            export_global++;
        }

    bh_assert((uint32)(export_global - export_globals) == export_glob_count);
    return export_globals;
}
#endif

static bool
execute_post_inst_function(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    WASMFunctionInstance *post_inst_func = NULL;
    WASMType *post_inst_func_type;
    uint32 i;

    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->export_func_count; i++)
        if (!strcmp(module_inst->export_functions[i].name, "__post_instantiate")) {
            post_inst_func = module_inst->export_functions[i].function;
            break;
        }

    if (!post_inst_func)
        /* Not found */
        return true;

    post_inst_func_type = post_inst_func->u.func->func_type;
    if (post_inst_func_type->param_count != 0
        || post_inst_func_type->result_count != 0)
        /* Not a valid function type, ignore it */
        return true;

    return wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function(module_inst, post_inst_func,
                                                  0, NULL);
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_BULK_MEMORY != 0
static bool
execute_memory_init_function(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    WASMFunctionInstance *memory_init_func = NULL;
    WASMType *memory_init_func_type;
    uint32 i;

    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->export_func_count; i++)
        if (!strcmp(module_inst->export_functions[i].name, "__wasm_call_ctors")) {
            memory_init_func = module_inst->export_functions[i].function;
            break;
        }

    if (!memory_init_func)
        /* Not found */
        return true;

    memory_init_func_type = memory_init_func->u.func->func_type;
    if (memory_init_func_type->param_count != 0
        || memory_init_func_type->result_count != 0)
        /* Not a valid function type, ignore it */
        return true;

    return wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function(module_inst,
                                                  memory_init_func,
                                                  0, NULL);
}
#endif

static bool
execute_start_function(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    WASMFunctionInstance *func = module_inst->start_function;

    if (!func)
        return true;

    bh_assert(!func->is_import_func && func->param_cell_num == 0
              && func->ret_cell_num == 0);

    return wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function(module_inst, func, 0, NULL);
}

static bool
execute_malloc_function(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                        WASMFunctionInstance *malloc_func,
                        WASMFunctionInstance *retain_func,
                        uint32 size, uint32 *p_result)
{
    uint32 argv[2], argc;
    bool ret;

    argv[0] = size;
    argc = 1;

    /* if __retain is exported, then this module is compiled by
        assemblyscript, the memory should be managed by as's runtime,
        in this case we need to call the retain function after malloc
        the memory */
    if (retain_func) {
        /* the malloc functino from assemblyscript is:
            function __new(size: usize, id: u32)
            id = 0 means this is an ArrayBuffer object */
        argv[1] = 0;
        argc = 2;
    }

    ret = wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function
                        (module_inst, malloc_func, argc, argv);

    if (retain_func && ret) {
        ret = wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function
                        (module_inst, retain_func, 1, argv);
    }

    if (ret)
        *p_result = argv[0];
    return ret;
}

static bool
execute_free_function(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                      WASMFunctionInstance *free_func,
                      uint32 offset)
{
    uint32 argv[2];

    argv[0] = offset;
    return wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function
                        (module_inst, free_func, 1, argv);
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
static bool
sub_module_instantiate(WASMModule *module, WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                          uint32 stack_size, uint32 heap_size, char *error_buf,
                          uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    bh_list *sub_module_inst_list = module_inst->sub_module_inst_list;
    WASMRegisteredModule *sub_module_list_node =
      bh_list_first_elem(module->import_module_list);

    while (sub_module_list_node) {
        WASMSubModInstNode *sub_module_inst_list_node;
        WASMModule *sub_module = (WASMModule*)sub_module_list_node->module;
        WASMModuleInstance *sub_module_inst =
                wasm_instantiate(sub_module, false, stack_size, heap_size,
                                 error_buf, error_buf_size);
        if (!sub_module_inst) {
            LOG_DEBUG("instantiate %s failed",
                      sub_module_list_node->module_name);
            return false;
        }

        sub_module_inst_list_node = runtime_malloc
            (sizeof(WASMSubModInstNode), error_buf, error_buf_size);
        if (!sub_module_inst_list_node) {
            LOG_DEBUG("Malloc WASMSubModInstNode failed, SZ:%d",
                      sizeof(WASMSubModInstNode));
            wasm_deinstantiate(sub_module_inst, false);
            return false;
        }

        sub_module_inst_list_node->module_inst = sub_module_inst;
        sub_module_inst_list_node->module_name =
          sub_module_list_node->module_name;
        bh_list_status ret =
          bh_list_insert(sub_module_inst_list, sub_module_inst_list_node);
        bh_assert(BH_LIST_SUCCESS == ret);
        (void)ret;

        sub_module_list_node = bh_list_elem_next(sub_module_list_node);
    }

    return true;
}

static void
sub_module_deinstantiate(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    bh_list *list = module_inst->sub_module_inst_list;
    WASMSubModInstNode *node = bh_list_first_elem(list);
    while (node) {
        WASMSubModInstNode *next_node = bh_list_elem_next(node);
        bh_list_remove(list, node);
        wasm_deinstantiate(node->module_inst, false);
        wasm_runtime_free(node);
        node = next_node;
    }
}
#endif

static bool
check_linked_symbol(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, char *error_buf,
                    uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMModule *module = module_inst->module;
    uint32 i;

    for (i = 0; i < module->import_function_count; i++) {
        WASMFunctionImport *func =
          &((module->import_functions + i)->u.function);
        if (!func->func_ptr_linked
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
            && !func->import_func_linked
#endif
        ) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_SPEC_TEST != 0
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "unknown import or incompatible import type");
            return false;
#else
#if WASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER == 0
            LOG_WARNING("warning: failed to link import function (%s, %s)",
                        func->module_name, func->field_name);
#else
            /* do nothing to avoid confused message */
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER == 0 */
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_SPEC_TEST != 0 */
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < module->import_global_count; i++) {
        WASMGlobalImport *global = &((module->import_globals + i)->u.global);
        if (!global->is_linked) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_SPEC_TEST != 0
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "unknown import or incompatible import type");
            return false;
#else
#if WASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER == 0
            LOG_DEBUG("warning: failed to link import global (%s, %s)",
                      global->module_name, global->field_name);
#else
            /* do nothing to avoid confused message */
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER == 0 */
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_SPEC_TEST != 0 */
        }
    }

    return true;
}

/**
 * Instantiate module
 */
WASMModuleInstance*
wasm_instantiate(WASMModule *module, bool is_sub_inst,
                 uint32 stack_size, uint32 heap_size,
                 char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMModuleInstance *module_inst;
    WASMGlobalInstance *globals = NULL, *global;
    uint32 global_count, global_data_size = 0, i;
    uint32 base_offset, length;
    uint8 *global_data, *global_data_end;
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
    bool ret = false;
#endif

    if (!module)
        return NULL;

    /* Check heap size */
    heap_size = align_uint(heap_size, 8);
    if (heap_size > APP_HEAP_SIZE_MAX)
        heap_size = APP_HEAP_SIZE_MAX;

    /* Allocate the memory */
    if (!(module_inst = runtime_malloc(sizeof(WASMModuleInstance),
                                       error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        return NULL;
    }

    module_inst->module = module;

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
    module_inst->sub_module_inst_list =
      &module_inst->sub_module_inst_list_head;
    ret = sub_module_instantiate(module, module_inst, stack_size, heap_size,
                                 error_buf, error_buf_size);
    if (!ret) {
        LOG_DEBUG("build a sub module list failed");
        goto fail;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK != 0
    if (!(module_inst->frames = runtime_malloc((uint64)sizeof(Vector),
                                               error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        goto fail;
    }
#endif

    /* Instantiate global firstly to get the mutable data size */
    global_count = module->import_global_count + module->global_count;
    if (global_count
        && !(globals = globals_instantiate(module, module_inst,
                                           &global_data_size,
                                           error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
        goto fail;
    }
    module_inst->global_count = global_count;
    module_inst->globals = globals;

    module_inst->memory_count =
        module->import_memory_count + module->memory_count;
    module_inst->table_count =
        module->import_table_count + module->table_count;
    module_inst->function_count =
        module->import_function_count + module->function_count;

    /* export */
    module_inst->export_func_count = get_export_count(module, EXPORT_KIND_FUNC);
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
    module_inst->export_tab_count = get_export_count(module, EXPORT_KIND_TABLE);
    module_inst->export_mem_count = get_export_count(module, EXPORT_KIND_MEMORY);
    module_inst->export_glob_count = get_export_count(module, EXPORT_KIND_GLOBAL);
#endif

    if (global_count > 0) {
        if (!(module_inst->global_data = runtime_malloc
                    (global_data_size, error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
            goto fail;
        }
    }

    /* Instantiate memories/tables/functions */
    if ((module_inst->memory_count > 0
         && !(module_inst->memories =
                memories_instantiate(module,
                                     module_inst,
                                     heap_size, error_buf, error_buf_size)))
        || (module_inst->table_count > 0
            && !(module_inst->tables =
                   tables_instantiate(module,
                                      module_inst,
                                      error_buf, error_buf_size)))
        || (module_inst->function_count > 0
            && !(module_inst->functions =
                   functions_instantiate(module,
                                         module_inst,
                                         error_buf, error_buf_size)))
        || (module_inst->export_func_count > 0
            && !(module_inst->export_functions = export_functions_instantiate(
                   module, module_inst, module_inst->export_func_count,
                   error_buf, error_buf_size)))
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        || (module_inst->export_glob_count > 0
            && !(module_inst->export_globals = export_globals_instantiate(
                   module, module_inst, module_inst->export_glob_count,
                   error_buf, error_buf_size)))
#endif
    ) {
        goto fail;
    }

    if (global_count > 0) {
        /* Initialize the global data */
        global_data = module_inst->global_data;
        global_data_end = global_data + global_data_size;
        global = globals;
        for (i = 0; i < global_count; i++, global++) {
            switch (global->type) {
                case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
                case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
                case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
                case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
#endif
                    *(int32*)global_data = global->initial_value.i32;
                    global_data += sizeof(int32);
                    break;
                case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                    bh_memcpy_s(global_data, (uint32)(global_data_end - global_data),
                                &global->initial_value.i64, sizeof(int64));
                    global_data += sizeof(int64);
                    break;
                default:
                    bh_assert(0);
            }
        }
        bh_assert(global_data == global_data_end);
    }

    if (!check_linked_symbol(module_inst, error_buf, error_buf_size)) {
        goto fail;
    }

    /* Initialize the memory data with data segment section */
    module_inst->default_memory =
      module_inst->memory_count ? module_inst->memories[0] : NULL;

    for (i = 0; i < module->data_seg_count; i++) {
        WASMMemoryInstance *memory = NULL;
        uint8 *memory_data = NULL;
        uint32 memory_size = 0;
        WASMDataSeg *data_seg = module->data_segments[i];

#if WASM_ENABLE_BULK_MEMORY != 0
        if (data_seg->is_passive)
            continue;
#endif

        /* has check it in loader */
        memory = module_inst->memories[data_seg->memory_index];
        bh_assert(memory);

        memory_data = memory->memory_data;
        memory_size = memory->num_bytes_per_page * memory->cur_page_count;
        bh_assert(memory_data || memory_size == 0);

        bh_assert(data_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type
                    == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_I32_CONST
                  || data_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type
                       == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_GET_GLOBAL);

        if (data_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type
            == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_GET_GLOBAL) {
            if (!check_global_init_expr(module,
                                        data_seg->base_offset.u.global_index,
                                        error_buf, error_buf_size)) {
                goto fail;
            }

            if (!globals
                || globals[data_seg->base_offset.u.global_index].type
                     != VALUE_TYPE_I32) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                              "data segment does not fit");
                goto fail;
            }

            data_seg->base_offset.u.i32 =
                globals[data_seg->base_offset.u.global_index]
                .initial_value.i32;
        }

        /* check offset */
        base_offset = (uint32)data_seg->base_offset.u.i32;
        if (base_offset > memory_size) {
            LOG_DEBUG("base_offset(%d) > memory_size(%d)", base_offset,
                      memory_size);
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "out of bounds memory access");
#else
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "data segment does not fit");
#endif
            goto fail;
        }

        /* check offset + length(could be zero) */
        length = data_seg->data_length;
        if (base_offset + length > memory_size) {
            LOG_DEBUG("base_offset(%d) + length(%d) > memory_size(%d)",
                      base_offset, length, memory_size);
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "out of bounds memory access");
#else
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "data segment does not fit");
#endif
            goto fail;
        }

        if (memory_data) {
            bh_memcpy_s(memory_data + base_offset, memory_size - base_offset,
                        data_seg->data, length);
        }
    }

    /* Initialize the table data with table segment section */
    module_inst->default_table =
      module_inst->table_count ? module_inst->tables[0] : NULL;
    /* in case there is no table */
    for (i = 0; module_inst->table_count > 0 && i < module->table_seg_count;
         i++) {
        WASMTableSeg *table_seg = module->table_segments + i;
        /* has check it in loader */
        WASMTableInstance *table = module_inst->tables[table_seg->table_index];
        bh_assert(table);

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
        if (table->elem_type != VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF
            && table->elem_type != VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "elements segment does not fit");
            goto fail;
        }
#endif

        uint32 *table_data = (uint32 *)table->base_addr;
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        table_data = table->table_inst_linked
                        ? (uint32 *)table->table_inst_linked->base_addr
                        : table_data;
#endif
        bh_assert(table_data);

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
        if (!wasm_elem_is_active(table_seg->mode))
            continue;
#endif

        /* init vec(funcidx) or vec(expr) */
        bh_assert(
          table_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_I32_CONST
          || table_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_GET_GLOBAL
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
          || table_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_FUNCREF_CONST
          || table_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_REFNULL_CONST
#endif
        );

        if (table_seg->base_offset.init_expr_type
            == INIT_EXPR_TYPE_GET_GLOBAL) {
            if (!check_global_init_expr(module,
                                        table_seg->base_offset.u.global_index,
                                        error_buf, error_buf_size)) {
                goto fail;
            }

            if (!globals
                || globals[table_seg->base_offset.u.global_index].type
                   != VALUE_TYPE_I32) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                              "elements segment does not fit");
                goto fail;
            }

            table_seg->base_offset.u.i32 =
              globals[table_seg->base_offset.u.global_index].initial_value.i32;
        }

        /* check offset since length might negative */
        if ((uint32)table_seg->base_offset.u.i32 > table->cur_size) {
            LOG_DEBUG("base_offset(%d) > table->cur_size(%d)",
                      table_seg->base_offset.u.i32, table->cur_size);
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "out of bounds table access");
#else
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "elements segment does not fit");
#endif
            goto fail;
        }

        /* check offset + length(could be zero) */
        length = table_seg->function_count;
        if ((uint32)table_seg->base_offset.u.i32 + length > table->cur_size) {
            LOG_DEBUG("base_offset(%d) + length(%d)> table->cur_size(%d)",
                      table_seg->base_offset.u.i32, length, table->cur_size);
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "out of bounds table access");
#else
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "elements segment does not fit");
#endif
            goto fail;
        }

        /**
         * Check function index in the current module inst for now.
         * will check the linked table inst owner in future.
         * so loader check is enough
         */
        bh_memcpy_s(
          table_data + table_seg->base_offset.u.i32,
          (uint32)((table->cur_size - (uint32)table_seg->base_offset.u.i32)
                   * sizeof(uint32)),
          table_seg->func_indexes, (uint32)(length * sizeof(uint32)));
    }

    /* module instance type */
    module_inst->module_type = Wasm_Module_Bytecode;

    /* Initialize the thread related data */
    if (stack_size == 0)
        stack_size = DEFAULT_WASM_STACK_SIZE;
#if WASM_ENABLE_SPEC_TEST != 0
    if (stack_size < 48 *1024)
        stack_size = 48 * 1024;
#endif
    module_inst->default_wasm_stack_size = stack_size;

    if (module->malloc_function != (uint32)-1) {
        module_inst->malloc_function =
            &module_inst->functions[module->malloc_function];
    }

    if (module->free_function != (uint32)-1) {
        module_inst->free_function =
            &module_inst->functions[module->free_function];
    }

    if (module->retain_function != (uint32)-1) {
        module_inst->retain_function =
            &module_inst->functions[module->retain_function];
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_LIBC_WASI != 0
    /* The sub-instance will get the wasi_ctx from main-instance */
    if (!is_sub_inst) {
        if (!wasm_runtime_init_wasi((WASMModuleInstanceCommon*)module_inst,
                                    module->wasi_args.dir_list,
                                    module->wasi_args.dir_count,
                                    module->wasi_args.map_dir_list,
                                    module->wasi_args.map_dir_count,
                                    module->wasi_args.env,
                                    module->wasi_args.env_count,
                                    module->wasi_args.argv,
                                    module->wasi_args.argc,
                                    module->wasi_args.stdio[0],
                                    module->wasi_args.stdio[1],
                                    module->wasi_args.stdio[2],
                                    error_buf, error_buf_size)) {
            goto fail;
        }
    }
#endif

    if (module->start_function != (uint32)-1) {
        /* TODO: fix start function can be import function issue */
        if (module->start_function >= module->import_function_count)
            module_inst->start_function =
                &module_inst->functions[module->start_function];
    }

    /* Execute __post_instantiate function */
    if (!execute_post_inst_function(module_inst)
        || !execute_start_function(module_inst)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      module_inst->cur_exception);
        goto fail;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_BULK_MEMORY != 0
#if WASM_ENABLE_LIBC_WASI != 0
    if (!module->is_wasi_module) {
#endif
        /* Only execute the memory init function for main instance because
            the data segments will be dropped once initialized.
        */
        if (!is_sub_inst) {
            if (!execute_memory_init_function(module_inst)) {
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                              module_inst->cur_exception);
                goto fail;
            }
        }
#if WASM_ENABLE_LIBC_WASI != 0
    }
#endif
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_TRACING != 0
    wasm_runtime_dump_module_inst_mem_consumption
                    ((WASMModuleInstanceCommon *)module_inst);
#endif
    (void)global_data_end;
    return module_inst;
fail:
    wasm_deinstantiate(module_inst, false);
    return NULL;
}

void
wasm_deinstantiate(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, bool is_sub_inst)
{
    if (!module_inst)
        return;

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
    sub_module_deinstantiate(module_inst);
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_LIBC_WASI != 0
    /* Destroy wasi resource before freeing app heap, since some fields of
       wasi contex are allocated from app heap, and if app heap is freed,
       these fields will be set to NULL, we cannot free their internal data
       which may allocated from global heap. */
    /* Only destroy wasi ctx in the main module instance */
    if (!is_sub_inst)
        wasm_runtime_destroy_wasi((WASMModuleInstanceCommon*)module_inst);
#endif

    if (module_inst->memory_count > 0)
        memories_deinstantiate(
          module_inst,
          module_inst->memories, module_inst->memory_count);

    tables_deinstantiate(module_inst->tables, module_inst->table_count);
    functions_deinstantiate(module_inst->functions, module_inst->function_count);
    globals_deinstantiate(module_inst->globals);
    export_functions_deinstantiate(module_inst->export_functions);
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
    export_globals_deinstantiate(module_inst->export_globals);
#endif

    if (module_inst->global_data)
        wasm_runtime_free(module_inst->global_data);

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    wasm_externref_cleanup((WASMModuleInstanceCommon*)module_inst);
#endif

    if (module_inst->exec_env_singleton)
        wasm_exec_env_destroy(module_inst->exec_env_singleton);

#if WASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK != 0
    if (module_inst->frames) {
        bh_vector_destroy(module_inst->frames);
        wasm_runtime_free(module_inst->frames);
        module_inst->frames = NULL;
    }
#endif

    wasm_runtime_free(module_inst);
}

WASMFunctionInstance*
wasm_lookup_function(const WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                     const char *name, const char *signature)
{
    uint32 i;
    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->export_func_count; i++)
        if (!strcmp(module_inst->export_functions[i].name, name))
            return module_inst->export_functions[i].function;
    (void)signature;
    return NULL;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
WASMGlobalInstance *
wasm_lookup_global(const WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, const char *name)
{
    uint32 i;
    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->export_glob_count; i++)
        if (!strcmp(module_inst->export_globals[i].name, name))
            return module_inst->export_globals[i].global;
    return NULL;
}

WASMMemoryInstance *
wasm_lookup_memory(const WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, const char *name)
{
    /**
     * using a strong assumption that one module instance only has
     * one memory instance
    */
    (void)module_inst->export_memories;
    return module_inst->memories[0];
}

WASMTableInstance *
wasm_lookup_table(const WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, const char *name)
{
    /**
     * using a strong assumption that one module instance only has
     * one table instance
     */
    (void)module_inst->export_tables;
    return module_inst->tables[0];
}
#endif

static bool
clear_wasi_proc_exit_exception(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_LIBC_WASI != 0
    const char *exception = wasm_get_exception(module_inst);
    if (exception && !strcmp(exception, "Exception: wasi proc exit")) {
        /* The "wasi proc exit" exception is thrown by native lib to
           let wasm app exit, which is a normal behavior, we clear
           the exception here. */
        wasm_set_exception(module_inst, NULL);
        return true;
    }
    return false;
#else
    return false;
#endif
}

bool
wasm_call_function(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                   WASMFunctionInstance *function,
                   unsigned argc, uint32 argv[])
{
    WASMModuleInstance *module_inst = (WASMModuleInstance*)exec_env->module_inst;

    /* set thread handle and stack boundary */
    wasm_exec_env_set_thread_info(exec_env);

    wasm_interp_call_wasm(module_inst, exec_env, function, argc, argv);
    (void)clear_wasi_proc_exit_exception(module_inst);
    return !wasm_get_exception(module_inst) ? true : false;
}

bool
wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                                       WASMFunctionInstance *func,
                                       unsigned argc, uint32 argv[])
{
    WASMExecEnv *exec_env;
    bool ret;

#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
    WASMExecEnv *existing_exec_env = NULL;

    if (!(existing_exec_env = exec_env =
        wasm_clusters_search_exec_env(
            (WASMModuleInstanceCommon*)module_inst))) {
#endif
        if (!(exec_env = wasm_exec_env_create(
                                (WASMModuleInstanceCommon*)module_inst,
                                module_inst->default_wasm_stack_size))) {
            wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "allocate memory failed");
            return false;
        }

#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    wasm_runtime_prepare_call_function(exec_env, func);
#endif

    ret = wasm_call_function(exec_env, func, argc, argv);

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    wasm_runtime_finalize_call_function(exec_env, func, ret, argv);
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
    /* don't destroy the exec_env if it's searched from the cluster */
    if (!existing_exec_env)
#endif
        wasm_exec_env_destroy(exec_env);

    return ret;
}

bool
wasm_create_exec_env_singleton(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    WASMExecEnv *exec_env =
        wasm_exec_env_create((WASMModuleInstanceCommon *)module_inst,
                             module_inst->default_wasm_stack_size);
    if (exec_env)
        module_inst->exec_env_singleton = exec_env;

    return exec_env ? true : false;
}

void
wasm_set_exception(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                   const char *exception)
{
    if (exception)
        snprintf(module_inst->cur_exception,
                 sizeof(module_inst->cur_exception),
                 "Exception: %s", exception);
    else
        module_inst->cur_exception[0] = '\0';
}

const char*
wasm_get_exception(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    if (module_inst->cur_exception[0] == '\0')
        return NULL;
    else
        return module_inst->cur_exception;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_PERF_PROFILING != 0
void
wasm_dump_perf_profiling(const WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    WASMExportFuncInstance *export_func;
    WASMFunctionInstance *func_inst;
    char *func_name;
    uint32 i, j;

    os_printf("Performance profiler data:\n");
    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->function_count; i++) {
        func_inst = module_inst->functions + i;
        if (func_inst->is_import_func) {
            func_name = func_inst->u.func_import->field_name;
        }
#if WASM_ENABLE_CUSTOM_NAME_SECTION != 0
        else if (func_inst->u.func->field_name) {
            func_name = func_inst->u.func->field_name;
        }
#endif
        else {
            func_name = NULL;
            for (j = 0; j < module_inst->export_func_count; j++) {
                export_func = module_inst->export_functions + j;
                if (export_func->function == func_inst) {
                    func_name = export_func->name;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if (func_name)
          os_printf("  func %s, execution time: %.3f ms, execution count: %d times\n",
                    func_name, module_inst->functions[i].total_exec_time / 1000.0f,
                    module_inst->functions[i].total_exec_cnt);
        else
          os_printf("  func %d, execution time: %.3f ms, execution count: %d times\n",
                    i, module_inst->functions[i].total_exec_time / 1000.0f,
                    module_inst->functions[i].total_exec_cnt);
    }
}
#endif

uint32
wasm_module_malloc(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, uint32 size,
                   void **p_native_addr)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint8 *addr = NULL;
    uint32 offset = 0;

    if (!memory) {
        wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "uninitialized memory");
        return 0;
    }

    if (memory->heap_handle) {
        addr = mem_allocator_malloc(memory->heap_handle, size);
    }
    else if (module_inst->malloc_function
             && module_inst->free_function) {
        if (!execute_malloc_function(module_inst,
                                     module_inst->malloc_function,
                                     module_inst->retain_function,
                                     size, &offset)) {
            return 0;
        }
        /* If we use app's malloc function,
            the default memory may be changed while memory growing */
        memory = module_inst->default_memory;
        addr = offset ? memory->memory_data + offset : NULL;
    }

    if (!addr) {
        if (memory->heap_handle
            && mem_allocator_is_heap_corrupted(memory->heap_handle)) {
            LOG_ERROR("Error: app heap is corrupted, if the wasm file "
                      "is compiled by wasi-sdk-12.0 or larger version, "
                      "please add -Wl,--export=malloc -Wl,--export=free "
                      " to export malloc and free functions.");
            wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "app heap corrupted");
        }
        else {
            wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "out of memory");
        }
        return 0;
    }
    if (p_native_addr)
        *p_native_addr = addr;

    return (uint32)(addr - memory->memory_data);
}

uint32
wasm_module_realloc(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, uint32 ptr, uint32 size,
                    void **p_native_addr)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint8 *addr = NULL;

    if (!memory) {
        wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "uninitialized memory");
        return 0;
    }

    if (memory->heap_handle) {
        addr = mem_allocator_realloc(memory->heap_handle,
                                     memory->memory_data + ptr, size);
    }

    /* Only support realloc in WAMR's app heap */

    if (!addr) {
        if (memory->heap_handle
            && mem_allocator_is_heap_corrupted(memory->heap_handle)) {
            wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "app heap corrupted");
        }
        else {
            wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "out of memory");
        }
        return 0;
    }
    if (p_native_addr)
        *p_native_addr = addr;

    return (uint32)(addr - memory->memory_data);
}

void
wasm_module_free(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst, uint32 ptr)
{
    if (ptr) {
        WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
        uint8* addr;

        if (!memory) {
            return;
        }

        addr = memory->memory_data + ptr;

        if (memory->heap_handle
            && memory->heap_data <= addr
            && addr < memory->heap_data_end) {
            mem_allocator_free(memory->heap_handle, addr);
        }
        else if (module_inst->malloc_function
                 && module_inst->free_function
                 && memory->memory_data <= addr
                 && addr < memory->memory_data_end) {
            execute_free_function(module_inst,
                                  module_inst->free_function,
                                  ptr);
        }
    }
}

uint32
wasm_module_dup_data(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                     const char *src, uint32 size)
{
    char *buffer;
    uint32 buffer_offset = wasm_module_malloc(module_inst, size,
                                              (void**)&buffer);
    if (buffer_offset != 0) {
        buffer = wasm_addr_app_to_native(module_inst, buffer_offset);
        bh_memcpy_s(buffer, size, src, size);
    }
    return buffer_offset;
}

bool
wasm_validate_app_addr(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                       uint32 app_offset, uint32 size)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint32 memory_data_size;

    if (!memory) {
        goto fail;
    }

    memory_data_size = memory->num_bytes_per_page * memory->cur_page_count;

    /* integer overflow check */
    if (app_offset > UINT32_MAX - size) {
        goto fail;
    }

    if (app_offset + size <= memory_data_size) {
        return true;
    }
fail:
    wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "out of bounds memory access");
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_validate_native_addr(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                          void *native_ptr, uint32 size)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint8 *addr = (uint8 *)native_ptr;

    if (!memory) {
        goto fail;
    }

    /* integer overflow check */
    if ((uintptr_t)addr > UINTPTR_MAX - size) {
        goto fail;
    }

    if (memory->memory_data <= addr
        && addr + size <= memory->memory_data_end) {
        return true;
    }
fail:
    wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "out of bounds memory access");
    return false;
}

void *
wasm_addr_app_to_native(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                        uint32 app_offset)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint8 *addr;

    if (!memory)
        return NULL;

    addr = memory->memory_data + app_offset;

    if (memory->memory_data <= addr
        && addr < memory->memory_data_end)
        return addr;
    return NULL;
}

uint32
wasm_addr_native_to_app(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                        void *native_ptr)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint8 *addr = (uint8 *)native_ptr;

    if (!memory)
        return 0;

    if (memory->memory_data <= addr
        && addr < memory->memory_data_end)
        return (uint32)(addr - memory->memory_data);
    return 0;
}

bool
wasm_get_app_addr_range(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                        uint32 app_offset,
                        uint32 *p_app_start_offset,
                        uint32 *p_app_end_offset)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint32 memory_data_size;

    if (!memory)
        return false;

    memory_data_size = memory->num_bytes_per_page * memory->cur_page_count;

    if (app_offset < memory_data_size) {
        if (p_app_start_offset)
            *p_app_start_offset = 0;
        if (p_app_end_offset)
            *p_app_end_offset = memory_data_size;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_get_native_addr_range(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                           uint8 *native_ptr,
                           uint8 **p_native_start_addr,
                           uint8 **p_native_end_addr)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->default_memory;
    uint8 *addr = (uint8 *)native_ptr;

    if (!memory)
        return false;

    if (memory->memory_data <= addr
        && addr < memory->memory_data_end) {
        if (p_native_start_addr)
            *p_native_start_addr = memory->memory_data;
        if (p_native_end_addr)
            *p_native_end_addr = memory->memory_data_end;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_enlarge_memory(WASMModuleInstance *module, uint32 inc_page_count)
{
    WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module->default_memory;
    uint8 *new_memory_data, *memory_data, *heap_data_old;
    uint32 heap_size, total_size_old, total_page_count;
    uint64 total_size;

    if (!memory)
        return false;

    memory_data = memory->memory_data;
    heap_size = (uint32)(memory->heap_data_end - memory->heap_data);
    total_size_old = (uint32)(memory->memory_data_end - memory_data);
    total_page_count = inc_page_count + memory->cur_page_count;
    total_size = memory->num_bytes_per_page * (uint64)total_page_count;
    heap_data_old = memory->heap_data;

    if (inc_page_count <= 0)
        /* No need to enlarge memory */
        return true;

    if (total_page_count < memory->cur_page_count /* integer overflow */
        || total_page_count > memory->max_page_count) {
        return false;
    }

    if (total_size >= UINT32_MAX) {
        return false;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
    if (memory->is_shared) {
        /* For shared memory, we have reserved the maximum spaces during
            instantiate, only change the cur_page_count here */
        memory->cur_page_count = total_page_count;
        return true;
    }
#endif

    if (!(new_memory_data = wasm_runtime_realloc(memory_data, (uint32)total_size))) {
        if (!(new_memory_data = wasm_runtime_malloc((uint32)total_size))) {
            return false;
        }
        if (memory_data) {
            bh_memcpy_s(new_memory_data, (uint32)total_size,
                        memory_data, total_size_old);
            wasm_runtime_free(memory_data);
        }
    }

    memset(new_memory_data + total_size_old,
           0, (uint32)total_size - total_size_old);

    if (heap_size > 0) {
        if (mem_allocator_migrate(memory->heap_handle,
                                  (char *)heap_data_old
                                  + (new_memory_data - memory_data),
                                  heap_size) != 0) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    memory->memory_data = new_memory_data;
    memory->cur_page_count = total_page_count;
    memory->heap_data = heap_data_old + (new_memory_data - memory_data);
    memory->heap_data_end = memory->heap_data + heap_size;
    memory->memory_data_end = memory->memory_data
                              + memory->num_bytes_per_page
                                * total_page_count;

    return true;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
bool
wasm_enlarge_table(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                   uint32 table_idx, uint32 inc_entries, uint32 init_val)
{
    uint32 entry_count, *new_table_data_start, i;
    WASMTableInstance *table_inst;

    if (!inc_entries) {
        return true;
    }

    bh_assert(table_idx < module_inst->table_count);
    table_inst = wasm_get_table_inst(module_inst, table_idx);
    if (!table_inst) {
        return false;
    }

    entry_count = table_inst->cur_size + inc_entries;
    /* prevent from integer overflow */
    if (entry_count < table_inst->cur_size
        || entry_count > table_inst->max_size) {
        return false;
    }

    /* fill in */
    new_table_data_start =
      (uint32 *)((uint8 *)table_inst + offsetof(WASMTableInstance, base_addr))
      + table_inst->cur_size;
    for (i = 0; i < inc_entries; ++i) {
        new_table_data_start[i] = init_val;
    }

    table_inst->cur_size = entry_count;
    return true;
}
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0 */

bool
wasm_call_indirect(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                   uint32_t tbl_idx,
                   uint32_t element_indices,
                   uint32_t argc, uint32_t argv[])
{
    WASMModuleInstance *module_inst = NULL;
    WASMTableInstance *table_inst = NULL;
    uint32_t function_indices = 0;
    WASMFunctionInstance *function_inst = NULL;

    module_inst =
        (WASMModuleInstance*)exec_env->module_inst;
    bh_assert(module_inst);

    table_inst = module_inst->tables[tbl_idx];
    if (!table_inst) {
        wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "unknown table");
        goto got_exception;
    }

    if (element_indices >= table_inst->cur_size) {
        wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "undefined element");
        goto got_exception;
    }

    /**
     * please be aware that table_inst->base_addr may point
     * to another module's table
     **/
    function_indices = ((uint32_t*)table_inst->base_addr)[element_indices];
    if (function_indices == NULL_REF) {
        wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "uninitialized element");
        goto got_exception;
    }

    /**
     * we insist to call functions owned by the module itself
     **/
    if (function_indices >= module_inst->function_count) {
        wasm_set_exception(module_inst, "unknown function");
        goto got_exception;
    }

    function_inst = module_inst->functions + function_indices;

    wasm_interp_call_wasm(module_inst, exec_env, function_inst, argc, argv);

    (void)clear_wasi_proc_exit_exception(module_inst);
    return !wasm_get_exception(module_inst) ? true : false;

got_exception:
    return false;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
bool
wasm_set_aux_stack(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                   uint32 start_offset, uint32 size)
{
    WASMModuleInstance *module_inst =
        (WASMModuleInstance*)exec_env->module_inst;
    uint32 stack_top_idx = module_inst->module->aux_stack_top_global_index;
    uint32 data_end = module_inst->module->aux_data_end;
    uint32 stack_bottom = module_inst->module->aux_stack_bottom;
    bool is_stack_before_data =
        stack_bottom < data_end ? true : false;

    /* Check the aux stack space, currently we don't allocate space in heap */
    if ((is_stack_before_data && (size > start_offset))
        || ((!is_stack_before_data) && (start_offset - data_end < size)))
        return false;

    if (stack_top_idx != (uint32)-1) {
        /* The aux stack top is a wasm global,
            set the initial value for the global */
        uint8 *global_addr =
            module_inst->global_data +
            module_inst->globals[stack_top_idx].data_offset;
        *(int32*)global_addr = start_offset;
        /* The aux stack boundary is a constant value,
            set the value to exec_env */
        exec_env->aux_stack_boundary.boundary = start_offset - size;
        exec_env->aux_stack_bottom.bottom = start_offset;
        return true;
    }

    return false;
}

bool
wasm_get_aux_stack(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                   uint32 *start_offset, uint32 *size)
{
    WASMModuleInstance *module_inst =
        (WASMModuleInstance*)exec_env->module_inst;

    /* The aux stack information is resolved in loader
        and store in module */
    uint32 stack_bottom =
        module_inst->module->aux_stack_bottom;
    uint32 total_aux_stack_size =
        module_inst->module->aux_stack_size;

    if (stack_bottom != 0 && total_aux_stack_size != 0) {
        if (start_offset)
            *start_offset = stack_bottom;
        if (size)
            *size = total_aux_stack_size;
        return true;
    }
    return false;
}
#endif

#if (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_PROFILING != 0) || (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_TRACING != 0)
void
wasm_get_module_mem_consumption(const WASMModule *module,
                                WASMModuleMemConsumption *mem_conspn)
{
    uint32 i, size;

    memset(mem_conspn, 0, sizeof(*mem_conspn));

    mem_conspn->module_struct_size = sizeof(WASMModule);

    mem_conspn->types_size = sizeof(WASMType *) * module->type_count;
    for (i = 0; i < module->type_count; i++) {
        WASMType *type = module->types[i];
        size = offsetof(WASMType, types) +
               sizeof(uint8) * (type->param_count + type->result_count);
        mem_conspn->types_size += size;
    }

    mem_conspn->imports_size = sizeof(WASMImport) * module->import_count;

    mem_conspn->functions_size = sizeof(WASMFunction *)
                                 * module->function_count;
    for (i = 0; i < module->function_count; i++) {
        WASMFunction *func = module->functions[i];
        WASMType *type = func->func_type;
        size = sizeof(WASMFunction) + func->local_count
               + sizeof(uint16) * (type->param_count + func->local_count);
#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_INTERP != 0
        size += func->code_compiled_size
                + sizeof(uint32) * func->const_cell_num;
#endif
        mem_conspn->functions_size += size;
    }

    mem_conspn->tables_size = sizeof(WASMTable) * module->table_count;
    mem_conspn->memories_size = sizeof(WASMMemory) * module->memory_count;
    mem_conspn->globals_size = sizeof(WASMGlobal) * module->global_count;
    mem_conspn->exports_size = sizeof(WASMExport) * module->export_count;

    mem_conspn->table_segs_size = sizeof(WASMTableSeg)
                                  * module->table_seg_count;
    for (i = 0; i < module->table_seg_count; i++) {
        WASMTableSeg *table_seg = &module->table_segments[i];
        mem_conspn->tables_size += sizeof(uint32)
                                   * table_seg->function_count;
    }

    mem_conspn->data_segs_size = sizeof(WASMDataSeg*)
                                 * module->data_seg_count;
    for (i = 0; i < module->data_seg_count; i++) {
        mem_conspn->data_segs_size += sizeof(WASMDataSeg);
    }

    if (module->const_str_list) {
        StringNode *node = module->const_str_list, *node_next;
        while (node) {
            node_next = node->next;
            mem_conspn->const_strs_size += sizeof(StringNode)
                                           + strlen(node->str) + 1;
            node = node_next;
        }
    }

    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->module_struct_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->types_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->imports_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->functions_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->tables_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->memories_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->globals_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->exports_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->table_segs_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->data_segs_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->const_strs_size;
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->aot_code_size;
#endif
}

void
wasm_get_module_inst_mem_consumption(const WASMModuleInstance *module_inst,
                                     WASMModuleInstMemConsumption *mem_conspn)
{
    uint32 i, size;

    memset(mem_conspn, 0, sizeof(*mem_conspn));

    mem_conspn->module_inst_struct_size = sizeof(WASMModuleInstance);

    mem_conspn->memories_size = sizeof(WASMMemoryInstance *)
                                * module_inst->memory_count;
    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->memory_count; i++) {
        WASMMemoryInstance *memory = module_inst->memories[i];
        size = sizeof(WASMMemoryInstance)
               + memory->num_bytes_per_page * memory->cur_page_count;
        mem_conspn->memories_size += size;
        mem_conspn->app_heap_size += memory->heap_data_end
                                     - memory->heap_data;
        /* size of app heap structure */
        mem_conspn->memories_size +=
            mem_allocator_get_heap_struct_size();
    }

    mem_conspn->tables_size = sizeof(WASMTableInstance *)
                              * module_inst->table_count;
    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->table_count; i++) {
        WASMTableInstance *table = module_inst->tables[i];
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
        if (table->table_inst_linked) {
            size = offsetof(WASMTableInstance, base_addr);
        }
        else
#endif
        {
            size = offsetof(WASMTableInstance, base_addr)
                   + sizeof(uint32) * table->cur_size;
        }
        mem_conspn->tables_size += size;
    }

    mem_conspn->functions_size = sizeof(WASMFunctionInstance)
                                 * module_inst->function_count;

    mem_conspn->globals_size = sizeof(WASMGlobalInstance)
                               * module_inst->global_count;
    if (module_inst->global_count > 0) {
        WASMGlobalInstance *global =
            &module_inst->globals[module_inst->global_count - 1];
        mem_conspn->globals_size += global->data_offset
                                    + wasm_value_type_size(global->type);
    }

    mem_conspn->exports_size = sizeof(WASMExportFuncInstance)
                               * module_inst->export_func_count;

    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->module_inst_struct_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->memories_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->functions_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->tables_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->globals_size;
    mem_conspn->total_size += mem_conspn->exports_size;
}
#endif /* end of (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_PROFILING != 0)
                 || (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_TRACING != 0) */

#if WASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK != 0
void
wasm_interp_dump_call_stack(struct WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    WASMModuleInstance *module_inst =
      (WASMModuleInstance *)wasm_exec_env_get_module_inst(exec_env);
    WASMInterpFrame *first_frame,
      *cur_frame = wasm_exec_env_get_cur_frame(exec_env);
    uint32 n = 0;

    /* count frames includes a function */
    first_frame = cur_frame;
    while (cur_frame) {
        if (cur_frame->function) {
            n++;
        }
        cur_frame = cur_frame->prev_frame;
    }

    /* release previous stack frames and create new ones */
    if (!bh_vector_destroy(module_inst->frames)
        || !bh_vector_init(module_inst->frames, n, sizeof(WASMCApiFrame))) {
        return;
    }

    cur_frame = first_frame;
    n = 0;
    os_printf("\n");
    while (cur_frame) {
        WASMCApiFrame frame = { 0 };
        WASMFunctionInstance *func_inst = cur_frame->function;
        const char *func_name = NULL;

        if (!func_inst) {
            cur_frame = cur_frame->prev_frame;
            continue;
        }

        /* place holder, will overwrite it in wasm_c_api */
        frame.instance = module_inst;
        frame.module_offset = 0;
        frame.func_index = func_inst - module_inst->functions;
        frame.func_offset =
          cur_frame->ip ? cur_frame->ip - func_inst->u.func->code : 0;

        /* look for the function name */
        if (func_inst->is_import_func) {
            func_name = func_inst->u.func_import->field_name;
        }
        else {
#if WASM_ENABLE_CUSTOM_NAME_SECTION != 0
            func_name = func_inst->u.func->field_name;
#endif
            /* if custom name section is not generated,
                search symbols from export table */
            if (!func_name) {
                uint32 i;
                for (i = 0; i < module_inst->export_func_count; i++) {
                    WASMExportFuncInstance *export_func =
                      module_inst->export_functions + i;
                    if (export_func->function == func_inst) {
                        func_name = export_func->name;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /* function name not exported, print number instead */
        if (func_name == NULL) {
            os_printf("#%02d $f%d \n", n, func_inst - module_inst->functions);
        }
        else {
            os_printf("#%02d %s \n", n, func_name);
        }

        /* keep print */
        bh_vector_append(module_inst->frames, &frame);

        cur_frame = cur_frame->prev_frame;
        n++;
    }
    os_printf("\n");
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK */