wasm-micro-runtime/core/iwasm/common/wasm_runtime_common.c

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2019 Intel Corporation.  All rights reserved.
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
 */

#include "bh_platform.h"
#include "bh_common.h"
#include "bh_assert.h"
#include "bh_log.h"
#include "wasm_runtime_common.h"
#include "wasm_memory.h"
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
#include "../interpreter/wasm_runtime.h"
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
#include "../aot/aot_runtime.h"
#if WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_AOT != 0
#include "../aot/debug/jit_debug.h"
#endif
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
#include "../libraries/thread-mgr/thread_manager.h"
#if WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_INTERP != 0
#include "../libraries/debug-engine/debug_engine.h"
#endif
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY != 0
#include "wasm_shared_memory.h"
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_JIT != 0
#include "../fast-jit/jit_compiler.h"
#endif
#include "../common/wasm_c_api_internal.h"

/**
 * For runtime build, BH_MALLOC/BH_FREE should be defined as
 * wasm_runtime_malloc/wasm_runtime_free.
 */
#define CHECK(a) CHECK1(a)
#define CHECK1(a) SHOULD_BE_##a

#define SHOULD_BE_wasm_runtime_malloc 1
#if !CHECK(BH_MALLOC)
#error unexpected BH_MALLOC
#endif
#undef SHOULD_BE_wasm_runtime_malloc

#define SHOULD_BE_wasm_runtime_free 1
#if !CHECK(BH_FREE)
#error unexpected BH_FREE
#endif
#undef SHOULD_BE_wasm_runtime_free

#undef CHECK
#undef CHECK1

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
/**
 * A safety insurance to prevent
 * circular depencies which leads stack overflow
 * try to break early
 */
typedef struct LoadingModule {
    bh_list_link l;
    /* point to a string pool */
    const char *module_name;
} LoadingModule;

static bh_list loading_module_list_head;
static bh_list *const loading_module_list = &loading_module_list_head;
static korp_mutex loading_module_list_lock;

/**
 * A list to store all exported functions/globals/memories/tables
 * of every fully loaded module
 */
static bh_list registered_module_list_head;
static bh_list *const registered_module_list = &registered_module_list_head;
static korp_mutex registered_module_list_lock;
static void
wasm_runtime_destroy_registered_module_list();
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE */

#define E_TYPE_XIP 4

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
/* Initialize externref hashmap */
static bool
wasm_externref_map_init();

/* Destroy externref hashmap */
static void
wasm_externref_map_destroy();
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES */

static void
set_error_buf(char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size, const char *string)
{
    if (error_buf != NULL)
        snprintf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "%s", string);
}

static void *
runtime_malloc(uint64 size, WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
               char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    void *mem;

    if (size >= UINT32_MAX || !(mem = wasm_runtime_malloc((uint32)size))) {
        if (module_inst != NULL) {
            wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, "allocate memory failed");
        }
        else if (error_buf != NULL) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "allocate memory failed");
        }
        return NULL;
    }

    memset(mem, 0, (uint32)size);
    return mem;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_JIT != 0
static JitCompOptions jit_options = { 0 };
#endif

#ifdef OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK
/* The exec_env of thread local storage, set before calling function
   and used in signal handler, as we cannot get it from the argument
   of signal handler */
static os_thread_local_attribute WASMExecEnv *exec_env_tls = NULL;

#ifndef BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
static void
runtime_signal_handler(void *sig_addr)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst;
    WASMSignalInfo sig_info;

    sig_info.exec_env_tls = exec_env_tls;
    sig_info.sig_addr = sig_addr;
    if (exec_env_tls) {
        module_inst = exec_env_tls->module_inst;
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
        if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
            wasm_signal_handler(&sig_info);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
        if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
            aot_signal_handler(&sig_info);
#endif
    }
}
#else
static LONG
runtime_exception_handler(EXCEPTION_POINTERS *exce_info)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst;
    WASMSignalInfo sig_info;

    sig_info.exec_env_tls = exec_env_tls;
    sig_info.exce_info = exce_info;
    if (exec_env_tls) {
        module_inst = exec_env_tls->module_inst;
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
        if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
            return wasm_exception_handler(&sig_info);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
        if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
            return aot_exception_handler(&sig_info);
#endif
    }
    return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH;
}
#endif /* end of BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS */

static bool
runtime_signal_init()
{
#ifndef BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
    return os_thread_signal_init(runtime_signal_handler) == 0 ? true : false;
#else
    if (os_thread_signal_init() != 0)
        return false;

    if (!AddVectoredExceptionHandler(1, runtime_exception_handler)) {
        os_thread_signal_destroy();
        return false;
    }
#endif
    return true;
}

static void
runtime_signal_destroy()
{
#ifdef BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
    RemoveVectoredExceptionHandler(runtime_exception_handler);
#endif
    os_thread_signal_destroy();
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_exec_env_tls(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    exec_env_tls = exec_env;
}

WASMExecEnv *
wasm_runtime_get_exec_env_tls()
{
    return exec_env_tls;
}
#endif /* end of OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK */

static bool
wasm_runtime_env_init()
{
    if (bh_platform_init() != 0)
        return false;

    if (wasm_native_init() == false) {
        goto fail1;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE
    if (BHT_OK != os_mutex_init(&registered_module_list_lock)) {
        goto fail2;
    }

    if (BHT_OK != os_mutex_init(&loading_module_list_lock)) {
        goto fail3;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY
    if (!wasm_shared_memory_init()) {
        goto fail4;
    }
#endif

#if (WASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER == 0) && (WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0)
    if (!thread_manager_init()) {
        goto fail5;
    }
#endif

#ifdef OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK
    if (!runtime_signal_init()) {
        goto fail6;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
#if WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_AOT != 0
    if (!jit_debug_engine_init()) {
        goto fail7;
    }
#endif
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    if (!wasm_externref_map_init()) {
        goto fail8;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_JIT != 0
    if (!jit_compiler_init(&jit_options)) {
        goto fail9;
    }
#endif

    return true;

#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_JIT != 0
fail9:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    wasm_externref_map_destroy();
#endif
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
fail8:
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
#if WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_AOT != 0
    jit_debug_engine_destroy();
fail7:
#endif
#endif
#ifdef OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK
    runtime_signal_destroy();
fail6:
#endif
#if (WASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER == 0) && (WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0)
    thread_manager_destroy();
fail5:
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY
    wasm_shared_memory_destroy();
fail4:
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE
    os_mutex_destroy(&loading_module_list_lock);
fail3:
    os_mutex_destroy(&registered_module_list_lock);
fail2:
#endif
    wasm_native_destroy();
fail1:
    bh_platform_destroy();

    return false;
}

static bool
wasm_runtime_exec_env_check(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    return exec_env && exec_env->module_inst && exec_env->wasm_stack_size > 0
           && exec_env->wasm_stack.s.top_boundary
                  == exec_env->wasm_stack.s.bottom + exec_env->wasm_stack_size
           && exec_env->wasm_stack.s.top <= exec_env->wasm_stack.s.top_boundary;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_init()
{
    if (!wasm_runtime_memory_init(Alloc_With_System_Allocator, NULL))
        return false;

    if (!wasm_runtime_env_init()) {
        wasm_runtime_memory_destroy();
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

void
wasm_runtime_destroy()
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_JIT != 0
    jit_compiler_destroy();
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    wasm_externref_map_destroy();
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
#if WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_AOT != 0
    jit_debug_engine_destroy();
#endif
#endif

#ifdef OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK
    runtime_signal_destroy();
#endif

    /* runtime env destroy */
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE
    wasm_runtime_destroy_loading_module_list();
    os_mutex_destroy(&loading_module_list_lock);

    wasm_runtime_destroy_registered_module_list();
    os_mutex_destroy(&registered_module_list_lock);
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_SHARED_MEMORY
    wasm_shared_memory_destroy();
#endif

#if (WASM_ENABLE_WAMR_COMPILER == 0) && (WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0)
#if WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_INTERP != 0
    wasm_debug_engine_destroy();
#endif
    thread_manager_destroy();
#endif

    wasm_native_destroy();
    bh_platform_destroy();

    wasm_runtime_memory_destroy();
}

bool
wasm_runtime_full_init(RuntimeInitArgs *init_args)
{
    if (!wasm_runtime_memory_init(init_args->mem_alloc_type,
                                  &init_args->mem_alloc_option))
        return false;

#if WASM_ENABLE_FAST_JIT != 0
    jit_options.code_cache_size = init_args->fast_jit_code_cache_size;
#endif

    if (!wasm_runtime_env_init()) {
        wasm_runtime_memory_destroy();
        return false;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_INTERP != 0
    if (strlen(init_args->ip_addr))
        if (!wasm_debug_engine_init(init_args->ip_addr,
                                    init_args->platform_port,
                                    init_args->instance_port)) {
            wasm_runtime_destroy();
            return false;
        }
#endif

    if (init_args->n_native_symbols > 0
        && !wasm_runtime_register_natives(init_args->native_module_name,
                                          init_args->native_symbols,
                                          init_args->n_native_symbols)) {
        wasm_runtime_destroy();
        return false;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
    wasm_cluster_set_max_thread_num(init_args->max_thread_num);
#endif

    return true;
}

PackageType
get_package_type(const uint8 *buf, uint32 size)
{
    if (buf && size >= 4) {
        if (buf[0] == '\0' && buf[1] == 'a' && buf[2] == 's' && buf[3] == 'm')
            return Wasm_Module_Bytecode;
        if (buf[0] == '\0' && buf[1] == 'a' && buf[2] == 'o' && buf[3] == 't')
            return Wasm_Module_AoT;
    }
    return Package_Type_Unknown;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
static uint8 *
align_ptr(const uint8 *p, uint32 b)
{
    uintptr_t v = (uintptr_t)p;
    uintptr_t m = b - 1;
    return (uint8 *)((v + m) & ~m);
}

#define CHECK_BUF(buf, buf_end, length)                      \
    do {                                                     \
        if ((uintptr_t)buf + length < (uintptr_t)buf         \
            || (uintptr_t)buf + length > (uintptr_t)buf_end) \
            return false;                                    \
    } while (0)

#define read_uint16(p, p_end, res)                 \
    do {                                           \
        p = (uint8 *)align_ptr(p, sizeof(uint16)); \
        CHECK_BUF(p, p_end, sizeof(uint16));       \
        res = *(uint16 *)p;                        \
        p += sizeof(uint16);                       \
    } while (0)

#define read_uint32(p, p_end, res)                 \
    do {                                           \
        p = (uint8 *)align_ptr(p, sizeof(uint32)); \
        CHECK_BUF(p, p_end, sizeof(uint32));       \
        res = *(uint32 *)p;                        \
        p += sizeof(uint32);                       \
    } while (0)

bool
wasm_runtime_is_xip_file(const uint8 *buf, uint32 size)
{
    const uint8 *p = buf, *p_end = buf + size;
    uint32 section_type, section_size;
    uint16 e_type;

    if (get_package_type(buf, size) != Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return false;

    CHECK_BUF(p, p_end, 8);
    p += 8;
    while (p < p_end) {
        read_uint32(p, p_end, section_type);
        read_uint32(p, p_end, section_size);
        CHECK_BUF(p, p_end, section_size);

        if (section_type == AOT_SECTION_TYPE_TARGET_INFO) {
            p += 4;
            read_uint16(p, p_end, e_type);
            return (e_type == E_TYPE_XIP) ? true : false;
        }
        else if (section_type >= AOT_SECTION_TYPE_SIGANATURE) {
            return false;
        }
        p += section_size;
    }

    return false;
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_AOT */

#if (WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0) && (WASM_ENABLE_DEBUG_INTERP != 0)
uint32
wasm_runtime_start_debug_instance(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    WASMCluster *cluster = wasm_exec_env_get_cluster(exec_env);
    bh_assert(cluster);

    if (cluster->debug_inst) {
        LOG_WARNING("Cluster already bind to a debug instance");
        return cluster->debug_inst->control_thread->port;
    }

    if (wasm_debug_instance_create(cluster)) {
        return cluster->debug_inst->control_thread->port;
    }

    return 0;
}
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
static module_reader reader;
static module_destroyer destroyer;
void
wasm_runtime_set_module_reader(const module_reader reader_cb,
                               const module_destroyer destroyer_cb)
{
    reader = reader_cb;
    destroyer = destroyer_cb;
}

module_reader
wasm_runtime_get_module_reader()
{
    return reader;
}

module_destroyer
wasm_runtime_get_module_destroyer()
{
    return destroyer;
}

static WASMRegisteredModule *
wasm_runtime_find_module_registered_by_reference(WASMModuleCommon *module)
{
    WASMRegisteredModule *reg_module = NULL;

    os_mutex_lock(&registered_module_list_lock);
    reg_module = bh_list_first_elem(registered_module_list);
    while (reg_module && module != reg_module->module) {
        reg_module = bh_list_elem_next(reg_module);
    }
    os_mutex_unlock(&registered_module_list_lock);

    return reg_module;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_register_module_internal(const char *module_name,
                                      WASMModuleCommon *module,
                                      uint8 *orig_file_buf,
                                      uint32 orig_file_buf_size,
                                      char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMRegisteredModule *node = NULL;

    node = wasm_runtime_find_module_registered_by_reference(module);
    if (node) {                  /* module has been registered */
        if (node->module_name) { /* module has name */
            if (!module_name || strcmp(node->module_name, module_name)) {
                /* module has different name */
                LOG_DEBUG("module(%p) has been registered with name %s", module,
                          node->module_name);
                set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                              "Register module failed: "
                              "failed to rename the module");
                return false;
            }
            else {
                /* module has the same name */
                LOG_DEBUG(
                    "module(%p) has been registered with the same name %s",
                    module, node->module_name);
                return true;
            }
        }
        else {
            /* module has empyt name, reset it */
            node->module_name = module_name;
            return true;
        }
    }

    /* module hasn't been registered */
    node = runtime_malloc(sizeof(WASMRegisteredModule), NULL, NULL, 0);
    if (!node) {
        LOG_DEBUG("malloc WASMRegisteredModule failed. SZ=%d",
                  sizeof(WASMRegisteredModule));
        return false;
    }

    /* share the string and the module */
    node->module_name = module_name;
    node->module = module;
    node->orig_file_buf = orig_file_buf;
    node->orig_file_buf_size = orig_file_buf_size;

    os_mutex_lock(&registered_module_list_lock);
    bh_list_status ret = bh_list_insert(registered_module_list, node);
    bh_assert(BH_LIST_SUCCESS == ret);
    (void)ret;
    os_mutex_unlock(&registered_module_list_lock);
    return true;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_register_module(const char *module_name, WASMModuleCommon *module,
                             char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    if (!error_buf || !error_buf_size) {
        LOG_ERROR("error buffer is required");
        return false;
    }

    if (!module_name || !module) {
        LOG_DEBUG("module_name and module are required");
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Register module failed: "
                      "module_name and module are required");
        return false;
    }

    if (wasm_runtime_is_built_in_module(module_name)) {
        LOG_DEBUG("%s is a built-in module name", module_name);
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Register module failed: "
                      "can not register as a built-in module");
        return false;
    }

    return wasm_runtime_register_module_internal(module_name, module, NULL, 0,
                                                 error_buf, error_buf_size);
}

void
wasm_runtime_unregister_module(const WASMModuleCommon *module)
{
    WASMRegisteredModule *registered_module = NULL;

    os_mutex_lock(&registered_module_list_lock);
    registered_module = bh_list_first_elem(registered_module_list);
    while (registered_module && module != registered_module->module) {
        registered_module = bh_list_elem_next(registered_module);
    }

    /* it does not matter if it is not exist. after all, it is gone */
    if (registered_module) {
        bh_list_remove(registered_module_list, registered_module);
        wasm_runtime_free(registered_module);
    }
    os_mutex_unlock(&registered_module_list_lock);
}

WASMModuleCommon *
wasm_runtime_find_module_registered(const char *module_name)
{
    WASMRegisteredModule *module = NULL, *module_next;

    os_mutex_lock(&registered_module_list_lock);
    module = bh_list_first_elem(registered_module_list);
    while (module) {
        module_next = bh_list_elem_next(module);
        if (module->module_name && !strcmp(module_name, module->module_name)) {
            break;
        }
        module = module_next;
    }
    os_mutex_unlock(&registered_module_list_lock);

    return module ? module->module : NULL;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_is_module_registered(const char *module_name)
{
    return NULL != wasm_runtime_find_module_registered(module_name);
}

/*
 * simply destroy all
 */
static void
wasm_runtime_destroy_registered_module_list()
{
    WASMRegisteredModule *reg_module = NULL;

    os_mutex_lock(&registered_module_list_lock);
    reg_module = bh_list_first_elem(registered_module_list);
    while (reg_module) {
        WASMRegisteredModule *next_reg_module = bh_list_elem_next(reg_module);

        bh_list_remove(registered_module_list, reg_module);

        /* now, it is time to release every module in the runtime */
        if (reg_module->module->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
            wasm_unload((WASMModule *)reg_module->module);
#endif
        }
        else {
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
            aot_unload((AOTModule *)reg_module->module);
#endif
        }

        /* destroy the file buffer */
        if (destroyer && reg_module->orig_file_buf) {
            destroyer(reg_module->orig_file_buf,
                      reg_module->orig_file_buf_size);
            reg_module->orig_file_buf = NULL;
            reg_module->orig_file_buf_size = 0;
        }

        wasm_runtime_free(reg_module);
        reg_module = next_reg_module;
    }
    os_mutex_unlock(&registered_module_list_lock);
}

bool
wasm_runtime_add_loading_module(const char *module_name, char *error_buf,
                                uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    LOG_DEBUG("add %s into a loading list", module_name);
    LoadingModule *loadingModule =
        runtime_malloc(sizeof(LoadingModule), NULL, error_buf, error_buf_size);

    if (!loadingModule) {
        return false;
    }

    /* share the incoming string */
    loadingModule->module_name = module_name;

    os_mutex_lock(&loading_module_list_lock);
    bh_list_status ret = bh_list_insert(loading_module_list, loadingModule);
    bh_assert(BH_LIST_SUCCESS == ret);
    (void)ret;
    os_mutex_unlock(&loading_module_list_lock);
    return true;
}

void
wasm_runtime_delete_loading_module(const char *module_name)
{
    LOG_DEBUG("delete %s from a loading list", module_name);

    LoadingModule *module = NULL;

    os_mutex_lock(&loading_module_list_lock);
    module = bh_list_first_elem(loading_module_list);
    while (module && strcmp(module->module_name, module_name)) {
        module = bh_list_elem_next(module);
    }

    /* it does not matter if it is not exist. after all, it is gone */
    if (module) {
        bh_list_remove(loading_module_list, module);
        wasm_runtime_free(module);
    }
    os_mutex_unlock(&loading_module_list_lock);
}

bool
wasm_runtime_is_loading_module(const char *module_name)
{
    LOG_DEBUG("find %s in a loading list", module_name);

    LoadingModule *module = NULL;

    os_mutex_lock(&loading_module_list_lock);
    module = bh_list_first_elem(loading_module_list);
    while (module && strcmp(module_name, module->module_name)) {
        module = bh_list_elem_next(module);
    }
    os_mutex_unlock(&loading_module_list_lock);

    return module != NULL;
}

void
wasm_runtime_destroy_loading_module_list()
{
    LoadingModule *module = NULL;

    os_mutex_lock(&loading_module_list_lock);
    module = bh_list_first_elem(loading_module_list);
    while (module) {
        LoadingModule *next_module = bh_list_elem_next(module);

        bh_list_remove(loading_module_list, module);
        /*
         * will not free the module_name since it is
         * shared one of the const string pool
         */
        wasm_runtime_free(module);

        module = next_module;
    }

    os_mutex_unlock(&loading_module_list_lock);
}
#endif /* WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE */

bool
wasm_runtime_is_built_in_module(const char *module_name)
{
    return (!strcmp("env", module_name) || !strcmp("wasi_unstable", module_name)
            || !strcmp("wasi_snapshot_preview1", module_name)
#if WASM_ENABLE_SPEC_TEST != 0
            || !strcmp("spectest", module_name)
#endif
            || !strcmp("", module_name));
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
bool
wasm_exec_env_set_aux_stack(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, uint32 start_offset,
                            uint32 size)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        wasm_exec_env_get_module_inst(exec_env);
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        return wasm_set_aux_stack(exec_env, start_offset, size);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        return aot_set_aux_stack(exec_env, start_offset, size);
    }
#endif
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_exec_env_get_aux_stack(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, uint32 *start_offset,
                            uint32 *size)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        wasm_exec_env_get_module_inst(exec_env);
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        return wasm_get_aux_stack(exec_env, start_offset, size);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        return aot_get_aux_stack(exec_env, start_offset, size);
    }
#endif
    return false;
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_max_thread_num(uint32 num)
{
    wasm_cluster_set_max_thread_num(num);
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR */

static WASMModuleCommon *
register_module_with_null_name(WASMModuleCommon *module_common, char *error_buf,
                               uint32 error_buf_size)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
    if (module_common) {
        if (!wasm_runtime_register_module_internal(NULL, module_common, NULL, 0,
                                                   error_buf, error_buf_size)) {
            wasm_runtime_unload(module_common);
            return NULL;
        }
        return module_common;
    }
    else
        return NULL;
#else
    return module_common;
#endif
}

WASMModuleCommon *
wasm_runtime_load(uint8 *buf, uint32 size, char *error_buf,
                  uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMModuleCommon *module_common = NULL;

    if (get_package_type(buf, size) == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0 && WASM_ENABLE_JIT != 0
        AOTModule *aot_module;
        WASMModule *module = wasm_load(buf, size, error_buf, error_buf_size);
        if (!module)
            return NULL;

        if (!(aot_module =
                  aot_convert_wasm_module(module, error_buf, error_buf_size))) {
            wasm_unload(module);
            return NULL;
        }

        module_common = (WASMModuleCommon *)aot_module;
        return register_module_with_null_name(module_common, error_buf,
                                              error_buf_size);
#elif WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
        module_common =
            (WASMModuleCommon *)wasm_load(buf, size, error_buf, error_buf_size);
        return register_module_with_null_name(module_common, error_buf,
                                              error_buf_size);
#endif
    }
    else if (get_package_type(buf, size) == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
        module_common = (WASMModuleCommon *)aot_load_from_aot_file(
            buf, size, error_buf, error_buf_size);
        return register_module_with_null_name(module_common, error_buf,
                                              error_buf_size);
#endif
    }

    if (size < 4)
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "WASM module load failed: unexpected end");
    else
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "WASM module load failed: magic header not detected");
    return NULL;
}

WASMModuleCommon *
wasm_runtime_load_from_sections(WASMSection *section_list, bool is_aot,
                                char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASMModuleCommon *module_common;

    if (!is_aot) {
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
        module_common = (WASMModuleCommon *)wasm_load_from_sections(
            section_list, error_buf, error_buf_size);
        return register_module_with_null_name(module_common, error_buf,
                                              error_buf_size);
#endif
    }
    else {
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
        module_common = (WASMModuleCommon *)aot_load_from_sections(
            section_list, error_buf, error_buf_size);
        return register_module_with_null_name(module_common, error_buf,
                                              error_buf_size);
#endif
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP == 0 || WASM_ENABLE_AOT == 0
    set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                  "WASM module load failed: invalid section list type");
    return NULL;
#endif
}

void
wasm_runtime_unload(WASMModuleCommon *module)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_MULTI_MODULE != 0
    /**
     * since we will unload and free all module when runtime_destroy()
     * we don't want users to unwillingly disrupt it
     */
    return;
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_unload((WASMModule *)module);
        return;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_unload((AOTModule *)module);
        return;
    }
#endif
}

WASMModuleInstanceCommon *
wasm_runtime_instantiate_internal(WASMModuleCommon *module, bool is_sub_inst,
                                  uint32 stack_size, uint32 heap_size,
                                  char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return (WASMModuleInstanceCommon *)wasm_instantiate(
            (WASMModule *)module, is_sub_inst, stack_size, heap_size, error_buf,
            error_buf_size);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return (WASMModuleInstanceCommon *)aot_instantiate(
            (AOTModule *)module, is_sub_inst, stack_size, heap_size, error_buf,
            error_buf_size);
#endif
    set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                  "Instantiate module failed, invalid module type");
    return NULL;
}

WASMModuleInstanceCommon *
wasm_runtime_instantiate(WASMModuleCommon *module, uint32 stack_size,
                         uint32 heap_size, char *error_buf,
                         uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    return wasm_runtime_instantiate_internal(
        module, false, stack_size, heap_size, error_buf, error_buf_size);
}

void
wasm_runtime_deinstantiate_internal(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                    bool is_sub_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_deinstantiate((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, is_sub_inst);
        return;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_deinstantiate((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, is_sub_inst);
        return;
    }
#endif
}

void
wasm_runtime_deinstantiate(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    wasm_runtime_deinstantiate_internal(module_inst, false);
}

WASMExecEnv *
wasm_runtime_create_exec_env(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                             uint32 stack_size)
{
    return wasm_exec_env_create(module_inst, stack_size);
}

void
wasm_runtime_destroy_exec_env(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    wasm_exec_env_destroy(exec_env);
}

bool
wasm_runtime_init_thread_env(void)
{
#ifdef BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
    if (os_thread_env_init() != 0)
        return false;
#endif

#ifdef OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK
    if (!runtime_signal_init()) {
#ifdef BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
        os_thread_env_destroy();
#endif
        return false;
    }
#endif

    return true;
}

void
wasm_runtime_destroy_thread_env(void)
{
#ifdef OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK
    runtime_signal_destroy();
#endif

#ifdef BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
    os_thread_env_destroy();
#endif
}

bool
wasm_runtime_thread_env_inited(void)
{
#ifdef BH_PLATFORM_WINDOWS
    if (!os_thread_env_inited())
        return false;
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
#ifdef OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK
    if (!os_thread_signal_inited())
        return false;
#endif
#endif
    return true;
}

#if (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_PROFILING != 0) || (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_TRACING != 0)
void
wasm_runtime_dump_module_mem_consumption(const WASMModuleCommon *module)
{
    WASMModuleMemConsumption mem_conspn = { 0 };

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_get_module_mem_consumption((WASMModule *)module, &mem_conspn);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_get_module_mem_consumption((AOTModule *)module, &mem_conspn);
    }
#endif

    os_printf("WASM module memory consumption, total size: %u\n",
              mem_conspn.total_size);
    os_printf("    module struct size: %u\n", mem_conspn.module_struct_size);
    os_printf("    types size: %u\n", mem_conspn.types_size);
    os_printf("    imports size: %u\n", mem_conspn.imports_size);
    os_printf("    funcs size: %u\n", mem_conspn.functions_size);
    os_printf("    tables size: %u\n", mem_conspn.tables_size);
    os_printf("    memories size: %u\n", mem_conspn.memories_size);
    os_printf("    globals size: %u\n", mem_conspn.globals_size);
    os_printf("    exports size: %u\n", mem_conspn.exports_size);
    os_printf("    table segs size: %u\n", mem_conspn.table_segs_size);
    os_printf("    data segs size: %u\n", mem_conspn.data_segs_size);
    os_printf("    const strings size: %u\n", mem_conspn.const_strs_size);
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    os_printf("    aot code size: %u\n", mem_conspn.aot_code_size);
#endif
}

void
wasm_runtime_dump_module_inst_mem_consumption(
    const WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    WASMModuleInstMemConsumption mem_conspn = { 0 };

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_get_module_inst_mem_consumption((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                             &mem_conspn);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_get_module_inst_mem_consumption((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                            &mem_conspn);
    }
#endif

    os_printf("WASM module inst memory consumption, total size: %u\n",
              mem_conspn.total_size);
    os_printf("    module inst struct size: %u\n",
              mem_conspn.module_inst_struct_size);
    os_printf("    memories size: %u\n", mem_conspn.memories_size);
    os_printf("        app heap size: %u\n", mem_conspn.app_heap_size);
    os_printf("    tables size: %u\n", mem_conspn.tables_size);
    os_printf("    functions size: %u\n", mem_conspn.functions_size);
    os_printf("    globals size: %u\n", mem_conspn.globals_size);
    os_printf("    exports size: %u\n", mem_conspn.exports_size);
}

void
wasm_runtime_dump_exec_env_mem_consumption(const WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    uint32 total_size =
        offsetof(WASMExecEnv, wasm_stack.s.bottom) + exec_env->wasm_stack_size;

    os_printf("Exec env memory consumption, total size: %u\n", total_size);
    os_printf("    exec env struct size: %u\n",
              offsetof(WASMExecEnv, wasm_stack.s.bottom));
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0 && WASM_ENABLE_FAST_INTERP == 0
    os_printf("        block addr cache size: %u\n",
              sizeof(exec_env->block_addr_cache));
#endif
    os_printf("    stack size: %u\n", exec_env->wasm_stack_size);
}

uint32
gc_get_heap_highmark_size(void *heap);

void
wasm_runtime_dump_mem_consumption(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    WASMModuleInstMemConsumption module_inst_mem_consps;
    WASMModuleMemConsumption module_mem_consps;
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst_common;
    WASMModuleCommon *module_common = NULL;
    void *heap_handle = NULL;
    uint32 total_size = 0, app_heap_peak_size = 0;
    uint32 max_aux_stack_used = -1;

    module_inst_common = exec_env->module_inst;
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst_common->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        WASMModuleInstance *wasm_module_inst =
            (WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst_common;
        WASMModule *wasm_module = wasm_module_inst->module;
        module_common = (WASMModuleCommon *)wasm_module;
        if (wasm_module_inst->memories) {
            heap_handle = wasm_module_inst->memories[0]->heap_handle;
        }
        wasm_get_module_inst_mem_consumption(wasm_module_inst,
                                             &module_inst_mem_consps);
        wasm_get_module_mem_consumption(wasm_module, &module_mem_consps);
        if (wasm_module_inst->module->aux_stack_top_global_index != (uint32)-1)
            max_aux_stack_used = wasm_module_inst->max_aux_stack_used;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst_common->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        AOTModuleInstance *aot_module_inst =
            (AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst_common;
        AOTModule *aot_module = (AOTModule *)aot_module_inst->aot_module.ptr;
        module_common = (WASMModuleCommon *)aot_module;
        if (aot_module_inst->memories.ptr) {
            AOTMemoryInstance **memories =
                (AOTMemoryInstance **)aot_module_inst->memories.ptr;
            heap_handle = memories[0]->heap_handle.ptr;
        }
        aot_get_module_inst_mem_consumption(aot_module_inst,
                                            &module_inst_mem_consps);
        aot_get_module_mem_consumption(aot_module, &module_mem_consps);
    }
#endif

    bh_assert(module_common != NULL);

    if (heap_handle) {
        app_heap_peak_size = gc_get_heap_highmark_size(heap_handle);
    }

    total_size = offsetof(WASMExecEnv, wasm_stack.s.bottom)
                 + exec_env->wasm_stack_size + module_mem_consps.total_size
                 + module_inst_mem_consps.total_size;

    os_printf("\nMemory consumption summary (bytes):\n");
    wasm_runtime_dump_module_mem_consumption(module_common);
    wasm_runtime_dump_module_inst_mem_consumption(module_inst_common);
    wasm_runtime_dump_exec_env_mem_consumption(exec_env);
    os_printf("\nTotal memory consumption of module, module inst and "
              "exec env: %u\n",
              total_size);
    os_printf("Total interpreter stack used: %u\n",
              exec_env->max_wasm_stack_used);

    if (max_aux_stack_used != (uint32)-1)
        os_printf("Total auxiliary stack used: %u\n", max_aux_stack_used);
    else
        os_printf("Total aux stack used: no enough info to profile\n");

    os_printf("Total app heap used: %u\n", app_heap_peak_size);
}
#endif /* end of (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_PROFILING != 0) \
                 || (WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_TRACING != 0) */

#if WASM_ENABLE_PERF_PROFILING != 0
void
wasm_runtime_dump_perf_profiling(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_dump_perf_profiling((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_dump_perf_profiling((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst);
    }
#endif
}
#endif

WASMModuleInstanceCommon *
wasm_runtime_get_module_inst(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    return wasm_exec_env_get_module_inst(exec_env);
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_module_inst(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                             WASMModuleInstanceCommon *const module_inst)
{
    wasm_exec_env_set_module_inst(exec_env, module_inst);
}

void *
wasm_runtime_get_function_attachment(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    return exec_env->attachment;
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_user_data(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, void *user_data)
{
    exec_env->user_data = user_data;
}

void *
wasm_runtime_get_user_data(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    return exec_env->user_data;
}

WASMType *
wasm_runtime_get_function_type(const WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *function,
                               uint32 module_type)
{
    WASMType *type = NULL;

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        WASMFunctionInstance *wasm_func = (WASMFunctionInstance *)function;
        type = wasm_func->is_import_func ? wasm_func->u.func_import->func_type
                                         : wasm_func->u.func->func_type;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        AOTFunctionInstance *aot_func = (AOTFunctionInstance *)function;
        type = aot_func->is_import_func ? aot_func->u.func_import->func_type
                                        : aot_func->u.func.func_type;
    }
#endif

    return type;
}

WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *
wasm_runtime_lookup_function(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *const module_inst,
                             const char *name, const char *signature)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return (WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *)wasm_lookup_function(
            (const WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, name, signature);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return (WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *)aot_lookup_function(
            (const AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, name, signature);
#endif
    return NULL;
}

uint32
wasm_func_get_param_count(WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *const func_inst,
                          WASMModuleInstanceCommon *const module_inst)
{
    WASMType *type =
        wasm_runtime_get_function_type(func_inst, module_inst->module_type);
    bh_assert(type);

    return type->param_count;
}

uint32
wasm_func_get_result_count(WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *const func_inst,
                           WASMModuleInstanceCommon *const module_inst)
{
    WASMType *type =
        wasm_runtime_get_function_type(func_inst, module_inst->module_type);
    bh_assert(type);

    return type->result_count;
}

static uint8
val_type_to_val_kind(uint8 value_type)
{
    switch (value_type) {
        case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
            return WASM_I32;
        case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
            return WASM_I64;
        case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
            return WASM_F32;
        case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
            return WASM_F64;
        case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
            return WASM_FUNCREF;
        case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            return WASM_ANYREF;
        default:
            bh_assert(0);
            return 0;
    }
}

void
wasm_func_get_param_types(WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *const func_inst,
                          WASMModuleInstanceCommon *const module_inst,
                          wasm_valkind_t *param_types)
{
    WASMType *type =
        wasm_runtime_get_function_type(func_inst, module_inst->module_type);
    uint32 i;

    bh_assert(type);

    for (i = 0; i < type->param_count; i++) {
        param_types[i] = val_type_to_val_kind(type->types[i]);
    }
}

void
wasm_func_get_result_types(WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *const func_inst,
                           WASMModuleInstanceCommon *const module_inst,
                           wasm_valkind_t *result_types)
{
    WASMType *type =
        wasm_runtime_get_function_type(func_inst, module_inst->module_type);
    uint32 i;

    bh_assert(type);

    for (i = 0; i < type->result_count; i++) {
        result_types[i] =
            val_type_to_val_kind(type->types[type->param_count + i]);
    }
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
/* (uintptr_t)externref -> (uint32)index */
/*   argv               ->   *ret_argv */
static bool
wasm_runtime_prepare_call_function(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                                   WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *function,
                                   uint32 *argv, uint32 argc, uint32 **ret_argv,
                                   uint32 *ret_argc_param,
                                   uint32 *ret_argc_result)
{
    uint32 *new_argv = NULL, argv_i = 0, new_argv_i = 0, param_i = 0,
           result_i = 0;
    bool need_param_transform = false, need_result_transform = false;
    uint64 size = 0;
    WASMType *func_type = wasm_runtime_get_function_type(
        function, exec_env->module_inst->module_type);

    bh_assert(func_type);

    *ret_argc_param = func_type->param_cell_num;
    *ret_argc_result = func_type->ret_cell_num;
    for (param_i = 0; param_i < func_type->param_count; param_i++) {
        if (VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF == func_type->types[param_i]) {
            need_param_transform = true;
        }
    }

    for (result_i = 0; result_i < func_type->result_count; result_i++) {
        if (VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF
            == func_type->types[func_type->param_count + result_i]) {
            need_result_transform = true;
        }
    }

    if (!need_param_transform && !need_result_transform) {
        *ret_argv = argv;
        return true;
    }

    if (func_type->param_cell_num >= func_type->ret_cell_num) {
        size = sizeof(uint32) * func_type->param_cell_num;
    }
    else {
        size = sizeof(uint32) * func_type->ret_cell_num;
    }

    if (!(new_argv = runtime_malloc(size, exec_env->module_inst, NULL, 0))) {
        return false;
    }

    if (!need_param_transform) {
        bh_memcpy_s(new_argv, (uint32)size, argv, (uint32)size);
    }
    else {
        for (param_i = 0; param_i < func_type->param_count && argv_i < argc
                          && new_argv_i < func_type->param_cell_num;
             param_i++) {
            uint8 param_type = func_type->types[param_i];
            if (VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF == param_type) {
                void *externref_obj;
                uint32 externref_index;

#if UINTPTR_MAX == UINT32_MAX
                externref_obj = (void *)argv[argv_i];
#else
                union {
                    uintptr_t val;
                    uint32 parts[2];
                } u;

                u.parts[0] = argv[argv_i];
                u.parts[1] = argv[argv_i + 1];
                externref_obj = (void *)u.val;
#endif
                if (!wasm_externref_obj2ref(exec_env->module_inst,
                                            externref_obj, &externref_index)) {
                    wasm_runtime_free(new_argv);
                    return false;
                }

                new_argv[new_argv_i] = externref_index;
                argv_i += sizeof(uintptr_t) / sizeof(uint32);
                new_argv_i++;
            }
            else {
                uint16 param_cell_num = wasm_value_type_cell_num(param_type);
                uint32 param_size = sizeof(uint32) * param_cell_num;
                bh_memcpy_s(new_argv + new_argv_i, param_size, argv + argv_i,
                            param_size);
                argv_i += param_cell_num;
                new_argv_i += param_cell_num;
            }
        }
    }

    *ret_argv = new_argv;
    return true;
}

/* (uintptr_t)externref <- (uint32)index */
/*   argv               <-   new_argv */
static bool
wasm_runtime_finalize_call_function(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                                    WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *function,
                                    uint32 *argv, uint32 argc, uint32 *ret_argv)
{
    uint32 argv_i = 0, result_i = 0, ret_argv_i = 0;
    WASMType *func_type;

    bh_assert((argv && ret_argv) || (argc == 0));

    if (argv == ret_argv) {
        /* no need to transfrom externref results */
        return true;
    }

    func_type = wasm_runtime_get_function_type(
        function, exec_env->module_inst->module_type);
    bh_assert(func_type);

    for (result_i = 0; result_i < func_type->result_count && argv_i < argc;
         result_i++) {
        uint8 result_type = func_type->types[func_type->param_count + result_i];
        if (result_type == VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF) {
            void *externref_obj;
#if UINTPTR_MAX != UINT32_MAX
            union {
                uintptr_t val;
                uint32 parts[2];
            } u;
#endif

            if (!wasm_externref_ref2obj(argv[argv_i], &externref_obj)) {
                wasm_runtime_free(argv);
                return false;
            }

#if UINTPTR_MAX == UINT32_MAX
            ret_argv[ret_argv_i] = (uintptr_t)externref_obj;
#else
            u.val = (uintptr_t)externref_obj;
            ret_argv[ret_argv_i] = u.parts[0];
            ret_argv[ret_argv_i + 1] = u.parts[1];
#endif
            argv_i += 1;
            ret_argv_i += sizeof(uintptr_t) / sizeof(uint32);
        }
        else {
            uint16 result_cell_num = wasm_value_type_cell_num(result_type);
            uint32 result_size = sizeof(uint32) * result_cell_num;
            bh_memcpy_s(ret_argv + ret_argv_i, result_size, argv + argv_i,
                        result_size);
            argv_i += result_cell_num;
            ret_argv_i += result_cell_num;
        }
    }

    wasm_runtime_free(argv);
    return true;
}
#endif

bool
wasm_runtime_call_wasm(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                       WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *function, uint32 argc,
                       uint32 argv[])
{
    bool ret = false;
    uint32 *new_argv = NULL, param_argc;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    uint32 result_argc = 0;
#endif

    if (!wasm_runtime_exec_env_check(exec_env)) {
        LOG_ERROR("Invalid exec env stack info.");
        return false;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    if (!wasm_runtime_prepare_call_function(exec_env, function, argv, argc,
                                            &new_argv, &param_argc,
                                            &result_argc)) {
        wasm_runtime_set_exception(exec_env->module_inst,
                                   "the arguments conversion is failed");
        return false;
    }
#else
    new_argv = argv;
    param_argc = argc;
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (exec_env->module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        ret = wasm_call_function(exec_env, (WASMFunctionInstance *)function,
                                 param_argc, new_argv);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (exec_env->module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        ret = aot_call_function(exec_env, (AOTFunctionInstance *)function,
                                param_argc, new_argv);
#endif
    if (!ret) {
        if (new_argv != argv) {
            wasm_runtime_free(new_argv);
        }
        return false;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    if (!wasm_runtime_finalize_call_function(exec_env, function, new_argv,
                                             result_argc, argv)) {
        wasm_runtime_set_exception(exec_env->module_inst,
                                   "the result conversion is failed");
        return false;
    }
#endif

    return ret;
}

static void
parse_args_to_uint32_array(WASMType *type, wasm_val_t *args, uint32 *out_argv)
{
    uint32 i, p;

    for (i = 0, p = 0; i < type->param_count; i++) {
        switch (args[i].kind) {
            case WASM_I32:
                out_argv[p++] = args[i].of.i32;
                break;
            case WASM_I64:
            {
                union {
                    uint64 val;
                    uint32 parts[2];
                } u;
                u.val = args[i].of.i64;
                out_argv[p++] = u.parts[0];
                out_argv[p++] = u.parts[1];
                break;
            }
            case WASM_F32:
            {
                union {
                    float32 val;
                    uint32 part;
                } u;
                u.val = args[i].of.f32;
                out_argv[p++] = u.part;
                break;
            }
            case WASM_F64:
            {
                union {
                    float64 val;
                    uint32 parts[2];
                } u;
                u.val = args[i].of.f64;
                out_argv[p++] = u.parts[0];
                out_argv[p++] = u.parts[1];
                break;
            }
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case WASM_FUNCREF:
            {
                out_argv[p++] = args[i].of.i32;
                break;
            }
            case WASM_ANYREF:
            {
#if UINTPTR_MAX == UINT32_MAX
                out_argv[p++] = args[i].of.foreign;
#else
                union {
                    uintptr_t val;
                    uint32 parts[2];
                } u;

                u.val = (uintptr_t)args[i].of.foreign;
                out_argv[p++] = u.parts[0];
                out_argv[p++] = u.parts[1];
#endif
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }
}

static void
parse_uint32_array_to_results(WASMType *type, uint32 *argv,
                              wasm_val_t *out_results)
{
    uint32 i, p;

    for (i = 0, p = 0; i < type->result_count; i++) {
        switch (type->types[type->param_count + i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
                out_results[i].kind = WASM_I32;
                out_results[i].of.i32 = (int32)argv[p++];
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
            {
                union {
                    uint64 val;
                    uint32 parts[2];
                } u;
                u.parts[0] = argv[p++];
                u.parts[1] = argv[p++];
                out_results[i].kind = WASM_I64;
                out_results[i].of.i64 = u.val;
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
            {
                union {
                    float32 val;
                    uint32 part;
                } u;
                u.part = argv[p++];
                out_results[i].kind = WASM_F32;
                out_results[i].of.f32 = u.val;
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
            {
                union {
                    float64 val;
                    uint32 parts[2];
                } u;
                u.parts[0] = argv[p++];
                u.parts[1] = argv[p++];
                out_results[i].kind = WASM_F64;
                out_results[i].of.f64 = u.val;
                break;
            }
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
            {
                out_results[i].kind = WASM_I32;
                out_results[i].of.i32 = (int32)argv[p++];
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
#if UINTPTR_MAX == UINT32_MAX
                out_results[i].kind = WASM_ANYREF;
                out_results[i].of.foreign = (uintptr_t)argv[p++];
#else
                union {
                    uintptr_t val;
                    uint32 parts[2];
                } u;
                u.parts[0] = argv[p++];
                u.parts[1] = argv[p++];
                out_results[i].kind = WASM_ANYREF;
                out_results[i].of.foreign = u.val;
#endif
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }
}

bool
wasm_runtime_call_wasm_a(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                         WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *function,
                         uint32 num_results, wasm_val_t results[],
                         uint32 num_args, wasm_val_t args[])
{
    uint32 argc, argv_buf[16] = { 0 }, *argv = argv_buf, cell_num, module_type;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    uint32 i, param_size_in_double_world = 0, result_size_in_double_world = 0;
#endif
    uint64 total_size;
    WASMType *type;
    bool ret = false;

    module_type = exec_env->module_inst->module_type;
    type = wasm_runtime_get_function_type(function, module_type);

    if (!type) {
        LOG_ERROR("Function type get failed, WAMR Interpreter and AOT must be "
                  "enabled at least one.");
        goto fail1;
    }

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    for (i = 0; i < type->param_count; i++) {
        param_size_in_double_world +=
            wasm_value_type_cell_num_outside(type->types[i]);
    }
    for (i = 0; i < type->result_count; i++) {
        result_size_in_double_world += wasm_value_type_cell_num_outside(
            type->types[type->param_count + i]);
    }
    argc = param_size_in_double_world;
    cell_num = (argc >= result_size_in_double_world)
                   ? argc
                   : result_size_in_double_world;
#else
    argc = type->param_cell_num;
    cell_num = (argc > type->ret_cell_num) ? argc : type->ret_cell_num;
#endif

    if (num_results != type->result_count) {
        LOG_ERROR(
            "The result value number does not match the function declaration.");
        goto fail1;
    }

    if (num_args != type->param_count) {
        LOG_ERROR("The argument value number does not match the function "
                  "declaration.");
        goto fail1;
    }

    total_size = sizeof(uint32) * (uint64)(cell_num > 2 ? cell_num : 2);
    if (total_size > sizeof(argv_buf)) {
        if (!(argv =
                  runtime_malloc(total_size, exec_env->module_inst, NULL, 0))) {
            goto fail1;
        }
    }

    parse_args_to_uint32_array(type, args, argv);
    if (!(ret = wasm_runtime_call_wasm(exec_env, function, argc, argv)))
        goto fail2;

    parse_uint32_array_to_results(type, argv, results);

fail2:
    if (argv != argv_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv);
fail1:
    return ret;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_call_wasm_v(WASMExecEnv *exec_env,
                         WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *function,
                         uint32 num_results, wasm_val_t results[],
                         uint32 num_args, ...)
{
    wasm_val_t args_buf[8] = { 0 }, *args = args_buf;
    WASMType *type = NULL;
    bool ret = false;
    uint64 total_size;
    uint32 i = 0, module_type;
    va_list vargs;

    module_type = exec_env->module_inst->module_type;
    type = wasm_runtime_get_function_type(function, module_type);

    if (!type) {
        LOG_ERROR("Function type get failed, WAMR Interpreter and AOT "
                  "must be enabled at least one.");
        goto fail1;
    }

    if (num_args != type->param_count) {
        LOG_ERROR("The argument value number does not match the "
                  "function declaration.");
        goto fail1;
    }

    total_size = sizeof(wasm_val_t) * (uint64)num_args;
    if (total_size > sizeof(args_buf)) {
        if (!(args =
                  runtime_malloc(total_size, exec_env->module_inst, NULL, 0))) {
            goto fail1;
        }
    }

    va_start(vargs, num_args);
    for (i = 0; i < num_args; i++) {
        switch (type->types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
                args[i].kind = WASM_I32;
                args[i].of.i32 = va_arg(vargs, uint32);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                args[i].kind = WASM_I64;
                args[i].of.i64 = va_arg(vargs, uint64);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                args[i].kind = WASM_F32;
                args[i].of.f32 = (float32)va_arg(vargs, float64);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                args[i].kind = WASM_F64;
                args[i].of.f64 = va_arg(vargs, float64);
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
            {
                args[i].kind = WASM_FUNCREF;
                args[i].of.i32 = va_arg(vargs, uint32);
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                args[i].kind = WASM_ANYREF;
                args[i].of.foreign = va_arg(vargs, uintptr_t);
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }
    va_end(vargs);

    ret = wasm_runtime_call_wasm_a(exec_env, function, num_results, results,
                                   num_args, args);
    if (args != args_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(args);

fail1:
    return ret;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_create_exec_env_and_call_wasm(
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst, WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *function,
    uint32 argc, uint32 argv[])
{
    bool ret = false;

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        ret = wasm_create_exec_env_and_call_function(
            (WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, (WASMFunctionInstance *)function,
            argc, argv, true);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        ret = aot_create_exec_env_and_call_function(
            (AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, (AOTFunctionInstance *)function,
            argc, argv);
#endif
    return ret;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_create_exec_env_singleton(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_create_exec_env_singleton(
            (WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_create_exec_env_singleton((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst);
#endif
    return false;
}

WASMExecEnv *
wasm_runtime_get_exec_env_singleton(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        if (!((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->exec_env_singleton) {
            wasm_create_exec_env_singleton((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst);
        }
        return ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->exec_env_singleton;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        if (!((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->exec_env_singleton.ptr) {
            aot_create_exec_env_singleton((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst);
        }
        return (WASMExecEnv *)((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)
            ->exec_env_singleton.ptr;
    }
#endif
    return NULL;
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_exception(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                           const char *exception)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_set_exception((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, exception);
        return;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_set_exception((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, exception);
        return;
    }
#endif
}

const char *
wasm_runtime_get_exception(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        return wasm_get_exception((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        return aot_get_exception((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst);
    }
#endif
    return NULL;
}

void
wasm_runtime_clear_exception(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, NULL);
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_custom_data_internal(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                      void *custom_data)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->custom_data = custom_data;
        return;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->custom_data.ptr = custom_data;
        return;
    }
#endif
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_custom_data(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                             void *custom_data)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
    wasm_cluster_spread_custom_data(module_inst, custom_data);
#else
    wasm_runtime_set_custom_data_internal(module_inst, custom_data);
#endif
}

void *
wasm_runtime_get_custom_data(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->custom_data;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->custom_data.ptr;
#endif
    return NULL;
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_module_malloc(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst, uint32 size,
                           void **p_native_addr)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_module_malloc((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, size,
                                  p_native_addr);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_module_malloc((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, size,
                                 p_native_addr);
#endif
    return 0;
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_module_realloc(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst, uint32 ptr,
                            uint32 size, void **p_native_addr)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_module_realloc((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, ptr, size,
                                   p_native_addr);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_module_realloc((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, ptr, size,
                                  p_native_addr);
#endif
    return 0;
}

void
wasm_runtime_module_free(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst, uint32 ptr)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_module_free((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, ptr);
        return;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_module_free((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, ptr);
        return;
    }
#endif
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_module_dup_data(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                             const char *src, uint32 size)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        return wasm_module_dup_data((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst, src,
                                    size);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        return aot_module_dup_data((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst, src, size);
    }
#endif
    return 0;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_validate_app_addr(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                               uint32 app_offset, uint32 size)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_validate_app_addr((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                      app_offset, size);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_validate_app_addr((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                     app_offset, size);
#endif
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_validate_app_str_addr(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                   uint32 app_str_offset)
{
    uint32 app_end_offset;
    char *str, *str_end;

    if (!wasm_runtime_get_app_addr_range(module_inst, app_str_offset, NULL,
                                         &app_end_offset))
        goto fail;

    str = wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(module_inst, app_str_offset);
    str_end = str + (app_end_offset - app_str_offset);
    while (str < str_end && *str != '\0')
        str++;
    if (str == str_end)
        goto fail;
    return true;

fail:
    wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, "out of bounds memory access");
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_validate_native_addr(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                  void *native_ptr, uint32 size)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_validate_native_addr((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                         native_ptr, size);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_validate_native_addr((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                        native_ptr, size);
#endif
    return false;
}

void *
wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                uint32 app_offset)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_addr_app_to_native((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                       app_offset);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_addr_app_to_native((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                      app_offset);
#endif
    return NULL;
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_addr_native_to_app(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                void *native_ptr)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_addr_native_to_app((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                       native_ptr);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_addr_native_to_app((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                      native_ptr);
#endif
    return 0;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_get_app_addr_range(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                uint32 app_offset, uint32 *p_app_start_offset,
                                uint32 *p_app_end_offset)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_get_app_addr_range((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                       app_offset, p_app_start_offset,
                                       p_app_end_offset);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_get_app_addr_range((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                      app_offset, p_app_start_offset,
                                      p_app_end_offset);
#endif
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_get_native_addr_range(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                   uint8 *native_ptr,
                                   uint8 **p_native_start_addr,
                                   uint8 **p_native_end_addr)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_get_native_addr_range((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                          native_ptr, p_native_start_addr,
                                          p_native_end_addr);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_get_native_addr_range((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst,
                                         native_ptr, p_native_start_addr,
                                         p_native_end_addr);
#endif
    return false;
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_get_temp_ret(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->temp_ret;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->temp_ret;
#endif
    return 0;
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_temp_ret(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                          uint32 temp_ret)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->temp_ret = temp_ret;
        return;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->temp_ret = temp_ret;
        return;
    }
#endif
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_get_llvm_stack(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->llvm_stack;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->llvm_stack;
#endif
    return 0;
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_llvm_stack(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                            uint32 llvm_stack)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->llvm_stack = llvm_stack;
        return;
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->llvm_stack = llvm_stack;
        return;
    }
#endif
}

bool
wasm_runtime_enlarge_memory(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module,
                            uint32 inc_page_count)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_enlarge_memory((WASMModuleInstance *)module,
                                   inc_page_count);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_enlarge_memory((AOTModuleInstance *)module, inc_page_count);
#endif
    return false;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_LIBC_WASI != 0

void
wasm_runtime_set_wasi_args_ex(WASMModuleCommon *module, const char *dir_list[],
                              uint32 dir_count, const char *map_dir_list[],
                              uint32 map_dir_count, const char *env_list[],
                              uint32 env_count, char *argv[], int argc,
                              int stdinfd, int stdoutfd, int stderrfd)
{
    WASIArguments *wasi_args = NULL;

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0 || WASM_ENABLE_JIT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        wasi_args = &((WASMModule *)module)->wasi_args;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        wasi_args = &((AOTModule *)module)->wasi_args;
#endif

    if (wasi_args) {
        wasi_args->dir_list = dir_list;
        wasi_args->dir_count = dir_count;
        wasi_args->map_dir_list = map_dir_list;
        wasi_args->map_dir_count = map_dir_count;
        wasi_args->env = env_list;
        wasi_args->env_count = env_count;
        wasi_args->argv = argv;
        wasi_args->argc = (uint32)argc;
        wasi_args->stdio[0] = stdinfd;
        wasi_args->stdio[1] = stdoutfd;
        wasi_args->stdio[2] = stderrfd;
    }
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_wasi_args(WASMModuleCommon *module, const char *dir_list[],
                           uint32 dir_count, const char *map_dir_list[],
                           uint32 map_dir_count, const char *env_list[],
                           uint32 env_count, char *argv[], int argc)
{
    wasm_runtime_set_wasi_args_ex(module, dir_list, dir_count, map_dir_list,
                                  map_dir_count, env_list, env_count, argv,
                                  argc, -1, -1, -1);
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_wasi_addr_pool(wasm_module_t module, const char *addr_pool[],
                                uint32 addr_pool_size)
{
    WASIArguments *wasi_args = NULL;

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0 || WASM_ENABLE_JIT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        wasi_args = &((WASMModule *)module)->wasi_args;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        wasi_args = &((AOTModule *)module)->wasi_args;
#endif

    if (wasi_args) {
        wasi_args->addr_pool = addr_pool;
        wasi_args->addr_count = addr_pool_size;
    }
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_UVWASI == 0
bool
wasm_runtime_init_wasi(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                       const char *dir_list[], uint32 dir_count,
                       const char *map_dir_list[], uint32 map_dir_count,
                       const char *env[], uint32 env_count,
                       const char *addr_pool[], uint32 addr_pool_size,
                       char *argv[], uint32 argc, int stdinfd, int stdoutfd,
                       int stderrfd, char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    WASIContext *wasi_ctx;
    char *argv_buf = NULL;
    char **argv_list = NULL;
    char *env_buf = NULL;
    char **env_list = NULL;
    uint64 argv_buf_size = 0, env_buf_size = 0, total_size;
    uint32 argv_buf_offset = 0, env_buf_offset = 0;
    struct fd_table *curfds = NULL;
    struct fd_prestats *prestats = NULL;
    struct argv_environ_values *argv_environ = NULL;
    struct addr_pool *apool = NULL;
    bool fd_table_inited = false, fd_prestats_inited = false;
    bool argv_environ_inited = false;
    bool addr_pool_inited = false;
    __wasi_fd_t wasm_fd = 3;
    int32 raw_fd;
    char *path, resolved_path[PATH_MAX];
    uint32 i;

    if (!(wasi_ctx = runtime_malloc(sizeof(WASIContext), NULL, error_buf,
                                    error_buf_size))) {
        return false;
    }

    wasm_runtime_set_wasi_ctx(module_inst, wasi_ctx);

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode
        && !((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->default_memory)
        return true;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT
        && !((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)
                ->global_table_data.memory_instances[0]
                .memory_data.ptr)
        return true;
#endif

    /* process argv[0], trip the path and suffix, only keep the program name */
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
        argv_buf_size += strlen(argv[i]) + 1;

    total_size = sizeof(char *) * (uint64)argc;
    if (total_size >= UINT32_MAX
        || (total_size > 0
            && !(argv_list = wasm_runtime_malloc((uint32)total_size)))
        || argv_buf_size >= UINT32_MAX
        || (argv_buf_size > 0
            && !(argv_buf = wasm_runtime_malloc((uint32)argv_buf_size)))) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: allocate memory failed");
        goto fail;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        argv_list[i] = argv_buf + argv_buf_offset;
        bh_strcpy_s(argv_buf + argv_buf_offset,
                    (uint32)argv_buf_size - argv_buf_offset, argv[i]);
        argv_buf_offset += (uint32)(strlen(argv[i]) + 1);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < env_count; i++)
        env_buf_size += strlen(env[i]) + 1;

    total_size = sizeof(char *) * (uint64)env_count;
    if (total_size >= UINT32_MAX
        || (total_size > 0
            && !(env_list = wasm_runtime_malloc((uint32)total_size)))
        || env_buf_size >= UINT32_MAX
        || (env_buf_size > 0
            && !(env_buf = wasm_runtime_malloc((uint32)env_buf_size)))) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: allocate memory failed");
        goto fail;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < env_count; i++) {
        env_list[i] = env_buf + env_buf_offset;
        bh_strcpy_s(env_buf + env_buf_offset,
                    (uint32)env_buf_size - env_buf_offset, env[i]);
        env_buf_offset += (uint32)(strlen(env[i]) + 1);
    }

    if (!(curfds = wasm_runtime_malloc(sizeof(struct fd_table)))
        || !(prestats = wasm_runtime_malloc(sizeof(struct fd_prestats)))
        || !(argv_environ =
                 wasm_runtime_malloc(sizeof(struct argv_environ_values)))
        || !(apool = wasm_runtime_malloc(sizeof(struct addr_pool)))) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: allocate memory failed");
        goto fail;
    }

    if (!fd_table_init(curfds)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: "
                      "init fd table failed");
        goto fail;
    }
    fd_table_inited = true;

    if (!fd_prestats_init(prestats)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: "
                      "init fd prestats failed");
        goto fail;
    }
    fd_prestats_inited = true;

    if (!argv_environ_init(argv_environ, argv_buf, argv_buf_size, argv_list,
                           argc, env_buf, env_buf_size, env_list, env_count)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: "
                      "init argument environment failed");
        goto fail;
    }
    argv_environ_inited = true;

    if (!addr_pool_init(apool)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: "
                      "init the address pool failed");
        goto fail;
    }
    addr_pool_inited = true;

    /* Prepopulate curfds with stdin, stdout, and stderr file descriptors. */
    if (!fd_table_insert_existing(curfds, 0, (stdinfd != -1) ? stdinfd : 0)
        || !fd_table_insert_existing(curfds, 1, (stdoutfd != -1) ? stdoutfd : 1)
        || !fd_table_insert_existing(curfds, 2,
                                     (stderrfd != -1) ? stderrfd : 2)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                      "Init wasi environment failed: init fd table failed");
        goto fail;
    }

    wasm_fd = 3;
    for (i = 0; i < dir_count; i++, wasm_fd++) {
        path = realpath(dir_list[i], resolved_path);
        if (!path) {
            if (error_buf)
                snprintf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                         "error while pre-opening directory %s: %d\n",
                         dir_list[i], errno);
            goto fail;
        }

        raw_fd = open(path, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY, 0);
        if (raw_fd == -1) {
            if (error_buf)
                snprintf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                         "error while pre-opening directory %s: %d\n",
                         dir_list[i], errno);
            goto fail;
        }

        fd_table_insert_existing(curfds, wasm_fd, raw_fd);
        fd_prestats_insert(prestats, dir_list[i], wasm_fd);
    }

    /* addr_pool(textual) -> apool */
    for (i = 0; i < addr_pool_size; i++) {
        char *cp, *address, *mask;
        bool ret = false;

        cp = bh_strdup(addr_pool[i]);
        if (!cp) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "Init wasi environment failed: copy address failed");
            goto fail;
        }

        address = strtok(cp, "/");
        mask = strtok(NULL, "/");

        ret = addr_pool_insert(apool, address, (uint8)(mask ? atoi(mask) : 0));
        wasm_runtime_free(cp);
        if (!ret) {
            set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size,
                          "Init wasi environment failed: store address failed");
            goto fail;
        }
    }

    wasi_ctx->curfds = curfds;
    wasi_ctx->prestats = prestats;
    wasi_ctx->argv_environ = argv_environ;
    wasi_ctx->addr_pool = apool;
    wasi_ctx->argv_buf = argv_buf;
    wasi_ctx->argv_list = argv_list;
    wasi_ctx->env_buf = env_buf;
    wasi_ctx->env_list = env_list;

    return true;

fail:
    if (argv_environ_inited)
        argv_environ_destroy(argv_environ);
    if (fd_prestats_inited)
        fd_prestats_destroy(prestats);
    if (fd_table_inited)
        fd_table_destroy(curfds);
    if (addr_pool_inited)
        addr_pool_destroy(apool);
    if (curfds)
        wasm_runtime_free(curfds);
    if (prestats)
        wasm_runtime_free(prestats);
    if (argv_environ)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv_environ);
    if (apool)
        wasm_runtime_free(apool);
    if (argv_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv_buf);
    if (argv_list)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv_list);
    if (env_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(env_buf);
    if (env_list)
        wasm_runtime_free(env_list);
    return false;
}
#else  /* else of WASM_ENABLE_UVWASI == 0 */
static void *
wasm_uvwasi_malloc(size_t size, void *mem_user_data)
{
    return runtime_malloc(size, NULL, NULL, 0);
    (void)mem_user_data;
}

static void
wasm_uvwasi_free(void *ptr, void *mem_user_data)
{
    if (ptr)
        wasm_runtime_free(ptr);
    (void)mem_user_data;
}

static void *
wasm_uvwasi_calloc(size_t nmemb, size_t size, void *mem_user_data)
{
    uint64 total_size = (uint64)nmemb * size;
    return runtime_malloc(total_size, NULL, NULL, 0);
    (void)mem_user_data;
}

static void *
wasm_uvwasi_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size, void *mem_user_data)
{
    if (size >= UINT32_MAX) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return wasm_runtime_realloc(ptr, (uint32)size);
}

/* clang-format off */
static uvwasi_mem_t uvwasi_allocator = {
    .mem_user_data = 0,
    .malloc = wasm_uvwasi_malloc,
    .free = wasm_uvwasi_free,
    .calloc = wasm_uvwasi_calloc,
    .realloc = wasm_uvwasi_realloc
};
/* clang-format on */

bool
wasm_runtime_init_wasi(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                       const char *dir_list[], uint32 dir_count,
                       const char *map_dir_list[], uint32 map_dir_count,
                       const char *env[], uint32 env_count,
                       const char *addr_pool[], uint32 addr_pool_size,
                       char *argv[], uint32 argc, int stdinfd, int stdoutfd,
                       int stderrfd, char *error_buf, uint32 error_buf_size)
{
    uvwasi_t *uvwasi = NULL;
    uvwasi_options_t init_options;
    const char **envp = NULL;
    uint64 total_size;
    uint32 i;
    bool ret = false;

    uvwasi = runtime_malloc(sizeof(uvwasi_t), module_inst, error_buf,
                            error_buf_size);
    if (!uvwasi)
        return false;

    /* Setup the initialization options */
    uvwasi_options_init(&init_options);
    init_options.allocator = &uvwasi_allocator;
    init_options.argc = argc;
    init_options.argv = (const char **)argv;
    init_options.in = (stdinfd != -1) ? (uvwasi_fd_t)stdinfd : init_options.in;
    init_options.out =
        (stdoutfd != -1) ? (uvwasi_fd_t)stdoutfd : init_options.out;
    init_options.err =
        (stderrfd != -1) ? (uvwasi_fd_t)stderrfd : init_options.err;

    if (dir_count > 0) {
        init_options.preopenc = dir_count;

        total_size = sizeof(uvwasi_preopen_t) * (uint64)init_options.preopenc;
        init_options.preopens = (uvwasi_preopen_t *)runtime_malloc(
            total_size, module_inst, error_buf, error_buf_size);
        if (init_options.preopens == NULL)
            goto fail;

        for (i = 0; i < init_options.preopenc; i++) {
            init_options.preopens[i].real_path = dir_list[i];
            init_options.preopens[i].mapped_path =
                (i < map_dir_count) ? map_dir_list[i] : dir_list[i];
        }
    }

    if (env_count > 0) {
        total_size = sizeof(char *) * (uint64)(env_count + 1);
        envp =
            runtime_malloc(total_size, module_inst, error_buf, error_buf_size);
        if (envp == NULL)
            goto fail;

        for (i = 0; i < env_count; i++) {
            envp[i] = env[i];
        }
        envp[env_count] = NULL;
        init_options.envp = envp;
    }

    if (UVWASI_ESUCCESS != uvwasi_init(uvwasi, &init_options)) {
        set_error_buf(error_buf, error_buf_size, "uvwasi init failed");
        goto fail;
    }

    wasm_runtime_set_wasi_ctx(module_inst, uvwasi);

    ret = true;

fail:
    if (envp)
        wasm_runtime_free((void *)envp);

    if (init_options.preopens)
        wasm_runtime_free(init_options.preopens);

    if (!ret && uvwasi)
        wasm_runtime_free(uvwasi);

    return ret;
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_UVWASI */

bool
wasm_runtime_is_wasi_mode(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode
        && ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->module->import_wasi_api)
        return true;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT
        && ((AOTModule *)((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->aot_module.ptr)
               ->import_wasi_api)
        return true;
#endif
    return false;
}

WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *
wasm_runtime_lookup_wasi_start_function(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    uint32 i;

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        WASMModuleInstance *wasm_inst = (WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst;
        WASMFunctionInstance *func;
        for (i = 0; i < wasm_inst->export_func_count; i++) {
            if (!strcmp(wasm_inst->export_functions[i].name, "_start")) {
                func = wasm_inst->export_functions[i].function;
                if (func->u.func->func_type->param_count != 0
                    || func->u.func->func_type->result_count != 0) {
                    LOG_ERROR("Lookup wasi _start function failed: "
                              "invalid function type.\n");
                    return NULL;
                }
                return (WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *)func;
            }
        }
        return NULL;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        AOTModuleInstance *aot_inst = (AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst;
        AOTFunctionInstance *export_funcs =
            (AOTFunctionInstance *)aot_inst->export_funcs.ptr;
        for (i = 0; i < aot_inst->export_func_count; i++) {
            if (!strcmp(export_funcs[i].func_name, "_start")) {
                AOTFuncType *func_type = export_funcs[i].u.func.func_type;
                if (func_type->param_count != 0
                    || func_type->result_count != 0) {
                    LOG_ERROR("Lookup wasi _start function failed: "
                              "invalid function type.\n");
                    return NULL;
                }
                return (WASMFunctionInstanceCommon *)&export_funcs[i];
            }
        }
        return NULL;
    }
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_AOT */

    return NULL;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_UVWASI == 0
void
wasm_runtime_destroy_wasi(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    WASIContext *wasi_ctx = wasm_runtime_get_wasi_ctx(module_inst);

    if (wasi_ctx) {
        if (wasi_ctx->argv_environ) {
            argv_environ_destroy(wasi_ctx->argv_environ);
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->argv_environ);
        }
        if (wasi_ctx->curfds) {
            fd_table_destroy(wasi_ctx->curfds);
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->curfds);
        }
        if (wasi_ctx->prestats) {
            fd_prestats_destroy(wasi_ctx->prestats);
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->prestats);
        }
        if (wasi_ctx->addr_pool) {
            addr_pool_destroy(wasi_ctx->addr_pool);
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->addr_pool);
        }
        if (wasi_ctx->argv_buf)
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->argv_buf);
        if (wasi_ctx->argv_list)
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->argv_list);
        if (wasi_ctx->env_buf)
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->env_buf);
        if (wasi_ctx->env_list)
            wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx->env_list);
        wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx);
    }
}
#else
void
wasm_runtime_destroy_wasi(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    WASIContext *wasi_ctx = wasm_runtime_get_wasi_ctx(module_inst);

    if (wasi_ctx) {
        uvwasi_destroy(wasi_ctx);
        wasm_runtime_free(wasi_ctx);
    }
}
#endif

WASIContext *
wasm_runtime_get_wasi_ctx(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->wasi_ctx;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->wasi_ctx.ptr;
#endif
    return NULL;
}

void
wasm_runtime_set_wasi_ctx(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                          WASIContext *wasi_ctx)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        ((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->wasi_ctx = wasi_ctx;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        ((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)->wasi_ctx.ptr = wasi_ctx;
#endif
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_LIBC_WASI */

WASMModuleCommon *
wasm_exec_env_get_module(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        wasm_runtime_get_module_inst(exec_env);
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return (WASMModuleCommon *)((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst)->module;
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return (WASMModuleCommon *)((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst)
            ->aot_module.ptr;
#endif
    return NULL;
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_LOAD_CUSTOM_SECTION != 0
const uint8 *
wasm_runtime_get_custom_section(WASMModuleCommon *const module_comm,
                                const char *name, uint32 *len)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_loader_get_custom_section((WASMModule *)module_comm, name,
                                              len);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_get_custom_section((AOTModule *)module_comm, name, len);
#endif
    return NULL;
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_LOAD_CUSTOM_SECTION != 0 */

static union {
    int a;
    char b;
} __ue = { .a = 1 };

#define is_little_endian() (__ue.b == 1)

bool
wasm_runtime_register_natives(const char *module_name,
                              NativeSymbol *native_symbols,
                              uint32 n_native_symbols)
{
    return wasm_native_register_natives(module_name, native_symbols,
                                        n_native_symbols);
}

bool
wasm_runtime_register_natives_raw(const char *module_name,
                                  NativeSymbol *native_symbols,
                                  uint32 n_native_symbols)
{
    return wasm_native_register_natives_raw(module_name, native_symbols,
                                            n_native_symbols);
}

bool
wasm_runtime_invoke_native_raw(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, void *func_ptr,
                               const WASMType *func_type, const char *signature,
                               void *attachment, uint32 *argv, uint32 argc,
                               uint32 *argv_ret)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module = wasm_runtime_get_module_inst(exec_env);
    typedef void (*NativeRawFuncPtr)(WASMExecEnv *, uint64 *);
    NativeRawFuncPtr invokeNativeRaw = (NativeRawFuncPtr)func_ptr;
    uint64 argv_buf[16] = { 0 }, *argv1 = argv_buf, *argv_dst, size;
    uint32 *argv_src = argv, i, argc1, ptr_len;
    uint32 arg_i32;
    bool ret = false;

    argc1 = func_type->param_count;
    if (argc1 > sizeof(argv_buf) / sizeof(uint64)) {
        size = sizeof(uint64) * (uint64)argc1;
        if (!(argv1 = runtime_malloc((uint32)size, exec_env->module_inst, NULL,
                                     0))) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    argv_dst = argv1;

    /* Traverse secondly to fill in each argument */
    for (i = 0; i < func_type->param_count; i++, argv_dst++) {
        switch (func_type->types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
            {
                *(uint32 *)argv_dst = arg_i32 = *argv_src++;
                if (signature) {
                    if (signature[i + 1] == '*') {
                        /* param is a pointer */
                        if (signature[i + 2] == '~')
                            /* pointer with length followed */
                            ptr_len = *argv_src;
                        else
                            /* pointer without length followed */
                            ptr_len = 1;

                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_addr(module, arg_i32,
                                                            ptr_len))
                            goto fail;

                        *(uintptr_t *)argv_dst =
                            (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(module,
                                                                       arg_i32);
                    }
                    else if (signature[i + 1] == '$') {
                        /* param is a string */
                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_str_addr(module,
                                                                arg_i32))
                            goto fail;

                        *(uintptr_t *)argv_dst =
                            (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(module,
                                                                       arg_i32);
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                bh_memcpy_s(argv_dst, sizeof(uint64), argv_src,
                            sizeof(uint32) * 2);
                argv_src += 2;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                *(float32 *)argv_dst = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                uint32 externref_idx = *argv_src++;

                void *externref_obj;

                if (!wasm_externref_ref2obj(externref_idx, &externref_obj))
                    goto fail;

                bh_memcpy_s(argv_dst, sizeof(uintptr_t), argv_src,
                            sizeof(uintptr_t));
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }

    exec_env->attachment = attachment;
    invokeNativeRaw(exec_env, argv1);
    exec_env->attachment = NULL;

    if (func_type->result_count > 0) {
        switch (func_type->types[func_type->param_count]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
                argv_ret[0] = *(uint32 *)argv1;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                *(float32 *)argv_ret = *(float32 *)argv1;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                bh_memcpy_s(argv_ret, sizeof(uint32) * 2, argv1,
                            sizeof(uint64));
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                uint32 externref_idx;
                uint64 externref_obj;

                bh_memcpy_s(&externref_obj, sizeof(uint64), argv1,
                            sizeof(uint64));

                if (!wasm_externref_obj2ref(exec_env->module_inst,
                                            (void *)(uintptr_t)externref_obj,
                                            &externref_idx))
                    goto fail;
                argv_ret[0] = externref_idx;
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }

    ret = !wasm_runtime_get_exception(module) ? true : false;

fail:
    if (argv1 != argv_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv1);
    return ret;
}

/**
 * Implementation of wasm_runtime_invoke_native()
 */

/* The invoke native implementation on ARM platform with VFP co-processor */
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM_VFP) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB_VFP) \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D)                          \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
typedef void (*GenericFunctionPointer)();
void
invokeNative(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint32 *args, uint32 n_stacks);

typedef float64 (*Float64FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef float32 (*Float32FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef int64 (*Int64FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef int32 (*Int32FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef void (*VoidFuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint32 *, uint32);

static volatile Float64FuncPtr invokeNative_Float64 =
    (Float64FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Float32FuncPtr invokeNative_Float32 =
    (Float32FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Int64FuncPtr invokeNative_Int64 =
    (Int64FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Int32FuncPtr invokeNative_Int32 =
    (Int32FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile VoidFuncPtr invokeNative_Void =
    (VoidFuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;

#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM_VFP) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB_VFP)
#define MAX_REG_INTS 4
#define MAX_REG_FLOATS 16
#else
#define MAX_REG_INTS 8
#define MAX_REG_FLOATS 8
#endif

bool
wasm_runtime_invoke_native(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, void *func_ptr,
                           const WASMType *func_type, const char *signature,
                           void *attachment, uint32 *argv, uint32 argc,
                           uint32 *argv_ret)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module = wasm_runtime_get_module_inst(exec_env);
    /* argv buf layout: int args(fix cnt) + float args(fix cnt) + stack args */
    uint32 argv_buf[32], *argv1 = argv_buf, *ints, *stacks, size;
    uint32 *argv_src = argv, i, argc1, n_ints = 0, n_stacks = 0;
    uint32 arg_i32, ptr_len;
    uint32 result_count = func_type->result_count;
    uint32 ext_ret_count = result_count > 1 ? result_count - 1 : 0;
    bool ret = false;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    bool is_aot_func = (NULL == signature);
#endif
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) && !defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
    uint32 *fps;
    int n_fps = 0;
#else
#define fps ints
#define n_fps n_ints
#endif

    n_ints++; /* exec env */

    /* Traverse firstly to calculate stack args count */
    for (i = 0; i < func_type->param_count; i++) {
        switch (func_type->types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
#endif
                if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                    n_ints++;
                else
                    n_stacks++;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS - 1) {
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM_VFP) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB_VFP)
                    /* 64-bit data must be 8 bytes aligned in arm */
                    if (n_ints & 1)
                        n_ints++;
#endif
                    n_ints += 2;
                }
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                /* part in register, part in stack */
                else if (n_ints == MAX_REG_INTS - 1) {
                    n_ints++;
                    n_stacks++;
                }
#endif
                else {
                    /* 64-bit data in stack must be 8 bytes aligned
                       in arm and riscv32 */
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                    if (n_stacks & 1)
                        n_stacks++;
#endif
                    n_stacks += 2;
                }
                break;
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D)
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS)
                    n_fps++;
                else
                    n_stacks++;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS - 1) {
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) && !defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                    /* 64-bit data must be 8 bytes aligned in arm */
                    if (n_fps & 1)
                        n_fps++;
#endif
                    n_fps += 2;
                }
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                else if (n_fps == MAX_REG_FLOATS - 1) {
                    n_fps++;
                    n_stacks++;
                }
#endif
                else {
                    /* 64-bit data in stack must be 8 bytes aligned
                       in arm and riscv32 */
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                    if (n_stacks & 1)
                        n_stacks++;
#endif
                    n_stacks += 2;
                }
                break;
#else  /* BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D */
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS) {
                    n_fps++;
                }
                else if (func_type->types[i] == VALUE_TYPE_F32
                         && n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS) {
                    /* use int reg firstly if available */
                    n_ints++;
                }
                else if (func_type->types[i] == VALUE_TYPE_F64
                         && n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS - 1) {
                    /* use int regs firstly if available */
                    if (n_ints & 1)
                        n_ints++;
                    ints += 2;
                }
                else {
                    /* 64-bit data in stack must be 8 bytes aligned in riscv32
                     */
                    if (n_stacks & 1)
                        n_stacks++;
                    n_stacks += 2;
                }
                break;
#endif /* BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D */
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < ext_ret_count; i++) {
        if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
            n_ints++;
        else
            n_stacks++;
    }

#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM_VFP) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB_VFP)
    argc1 = MAX_REG_INTS + MAX_REG_FLOATS + n_stacks;
#elif defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
    argc1 = MAX_REG_INTS + n_stacks;
#else /* for BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D */
    argc1 = MAX_REG_INTS + MAX_REG_FLOATS * 2 + n_stacks;
#endif

    if (argc1 > sizeof(argv_buf) / sizeof(uint32)) {
        size = sizeof(uint32) * (uint32)argc1;
        if (!(argv1 = runtime_malloc((uint32)size, exec_env->module_inst, NULL,
                                     0))) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    ints = argv1;
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM_VFP) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB_VFP)
    fps = ints + MAX_REG_INTS;
    stacks = fps + MAX_REG_FLOATS;
#elif defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
    stacks = ints + MAX_REG_INTS;
#else /* for BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D */
    fps = ints + MAX_REG_INTS;
    stacks = fps + MAX_REG_FLOATS * 2;
#endif

    n_ints = 0;
    n_fps = 0;
    n_stacks = 0;
    ints[n_ints++] = (uint32)(uintptr_t)exec_env;

    /* Traverse secondly to fill in each argument */
    for (i = 0; i < func_type->param_count; i++) {
        switch (func_type->types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
            {
                arg_i32 = *argv_src++;

                if (signature) {
                    if (signature[i + 1] == '*') {
                        /* param is a pointer */
                        if (signature[i + 2] == '~')
                            /* pointer with length followed */
                            ptr_len = *argv_src;
                        else
                            /* pointer without length followed */
                            ptr_len = 1;

                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_addr(module, arg_i32,
                                                            ptr_len))
                            goto fail;

                        arg_i32 = (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(
                            module, arg_i32);
                    }
                    else if (signature[i + 1] == '$') {
                        /* param is a string */
                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_str_addr(module,
                                                                arg_i32))
                            goto fail;

                        arg_i32 = (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(
                            module, arg_i32);
                    }
                }

                if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                    ints[n_ints++] = arg_i32;
                else
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = arg_i32;
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
            {
                if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS - 1) {
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM_VFP) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB_VFP)
                    /* 64-bit data must be 8 bytes aligned in arm */
                    if (n_ints & 1)
                        n_ints++;
#endif
                    ints[n_ints++] = *argv_src++;
                    ints[n_ints++] = *argv_src++;
                }
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                else if (n_ints == MAX_REG_INTS - 1) {
                    ints[n_ints++] = *argv_src++;
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = *argv_src++;
                }
#endif
                else {
                    /* 64-bit data in stack must be 8 bytes aligned
                       in arm and riscv32 */
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                    if (n_stacks & 1)
                        n_stacks++;
#endif
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = *argv_src++;
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = *argv_src++;
                }
                break;
            }
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D)
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
            {
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS)
                    *(float32 *)&fps[n_fps++] = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                else
                    *(float32 *)&stacks[n_stacks++] = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
            {
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS - 1) {
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) && !defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                    /* 64-bit data must be 8 bytes aligned in arm */
                    if (n_fps & 1)
                        n_fps++;
#endif
                    fps[n_fps++] = *argv_src++;
                    fps[n_fps++] = *argv_src++;
                }
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                else if (n_fps == MAX_REG_FLOATS - 1) {
                    fps[n_fps++] = *argv_src++;
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = *argv_src++;
                }
#endif
                else {
                    /* 64-bit data in stack must be 8 bytes aligned
                       in arm and riscv32 */
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC)
                    if (n_stacks & 1)
                        n_stacks++;
#endif
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = *argv_src++;
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = *argv_src++;
                }
                break;
            }
#else  /* BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D */
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
            {
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS) {
                    if (func_type->types[i] == VALUE_TYPE_F32) {
                        *(float32 *)&fps[n_fps * 2] = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                        /* NaN boxing, the upper bits of a valid NaN-boxed
                          value must be all 1s. */
                        fps[n_fps * 2 + 1] = 0xFFFFFFFF;
                    }
                    else {
                        *(float64 *)&fps[n_fps * 2] = *(float64 *)argv_src;
                        argv_src += 2;
                    }
                    n_fps++;
                }
                else if (func_type->types[i] == VALUE_TYPE_F32
                         && n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS) {
                    /* use int reg firstly if available */
                    *(float32 *)&ints[n_ints++] = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                }
                else if (func_type->types[i] == VALUE_TYPE_F64
                         && n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS - 1) {
                    /* use int regs firstly if available */
                    if (n_ints & 1)
                        n_ints++;
                    *(float64 *)&ints[n_ints] = *(float64 *)argv_src;
                    n_ints += 2;
                    argv_src += 2;
                }
                else {
                    /* 64-bit data in stack must be 8 bytes aligned in riscv32
                     */
                    if (n_stacks & 1)
                        n_stacks++;
                    if (func_type->types[i] == VALUE_TYPE_F32) {
                        *(float32 *)&stacks[n_stacks] = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                        /* NaN boxing, the upper bits of a valid NaN-boxed
                          value must be all 1s. */
                        stacks[n_stacks + 1] = 0xFFFFFFFF;
                    }
                    else {
                        *(float64 *)&stacks[n_stacks] = *(float64 *)argv_src;
                        argv_src += 2;
                    }
                    n_stacks += 2;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif /* BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D */
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                uint32 externref_idx = *argv_src++;

                if (is_aot_func) {
                    if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                        ints[n_ints++] = externref_idx;
                    else
                        stacks[n_stacks++] = externref_idx;
                }
                else {
                    void *externref_obj;

                    if (!wasm_externref_ref2obj(externref_idx, &externref_obj))
                        goto fail;

                    if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                        ints[n_ints++] = (uintptr_t)externref_obj;
                    else
                        stacks[n_stacks++] = (uintptr_t)externref_obj;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }

    /* Save extra result values' address to argv1 */
    for (i = 0; i < ext_ret_count; i++) {
        if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
            ints[n_ints++] = *(uint32 *)argv_src++;
        else
            stacks[n_stacks++] = *(uint32 *)argv_src++;
    }

    exec_env->attachment = attachment;
    if (func_type->result_count == 0) {
        invokeNative_Void(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
    }
    else {
        switch (func_type->types[func_type->param_count]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
                argv_ret[0] =
                    (uint32)invokeNative_Int32(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                PUT_I64_TO_ADDR(argv_ret,
                                invokeNative_Int64(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks));
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                *(float32 *)argv_ret =
                    invokeNative_Float32(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                PUT_F64_TO_ADDR(
                    argv_ret, invokeNative_Float64(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks));
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                if (is_aot_func) {
                    uint32 externref_idx =
                        (uint32)invokeNative_Int32(func_ptr, argv1, argc1);
                    argv_ret[0] = externref_idx;
                }
                else {
                    uint32 externref_idx;
                    void *externref_obj;

                    externref_obj = (void *)(uintptr_t)invokeNative_Int32(
                        func_ptr, argv1, argc1);

                    if (!wasm_externref_obj2ref(exec_env->module_inst,
                                                externref_obj, &externref_idx))
                        goto fail;

                    argv_ret[0] = externref_idx;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }
    exec_env->attachment = NULL;

    ret = !wasm_runtime_get_exception(module) ? true : false;

fail:
    if (argv1 != argv_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv1);
    return ret;
}
#endif /* end of defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM_VFP)    \
          || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB_VFP)      \
          || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32D) \
          || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV32_ILP32)  \
          || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARC) */

#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_X86_32) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM)    \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_MIPS) \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_XTENSA)
typedef void (*GenericFunctionPointer)();
void
invokeNative(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint32 *args, uint32 sz);

typedef float64 (*Float64FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef float32 (*Float32FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef int64 (*Int64FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef int32 (*Int32FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint32 *, uint32);
typedef void (*VoidFuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint32 *, uint32);

static volatile Int64FuncPtr invokeNative_Int64 =
    (Int64FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Int32FuncPtr invokeNative_Int32 =
    (Int32FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Float64FuncPtr invokeNative_Float64 =
    (Float64FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Float32FuncPtr invokeNative_Float32 =
    (Float32FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile VoidFuncPtr invokeNative_Void =
    (VoidFuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;

static inline void
word_copy(uint32 *dest, uint32 *src, unsigned num)
{
    for (; num > 0; num--)
        *dest++ = *src++;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_invoke_native(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, void *func_ptr,
                           const WASMType *func_type, const char *signature,
                           void *attachment, uint32 *argv, uint32 argc,
                           uint32 *argv_ret)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module = wasm_runtime_get_module_inst(exec_env);
    uint32 argv_buf[32], *argv1 = argv_buf, argc1, i, j = 0;
    uint32 arg_i32, ptr_len;
    uint32 result_count = func_type->result_count;
    uint32 ext_ret_count = result_count > 1 ? result_count - 1 : 0;
    uint64 size;
    bool ret = false;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    bool is_aot_func = (NULL == signature);
#endif

#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_X86_32)
    argc1 = argc + ext_ret_count + 2;
#else
    /* arm/thumb/mips/xtensa, 64-bit data must be 8 bytes aligned,
       so we need to allocate more memory. */
    argc1 = func_type->param_count * 2 + ext_ret_count + 2;
#endif

    if (argc1 > sizeof(argv_buf) / sizeof(uint32)) {
        size = sizeof(uint32) * (uint64)argc1;
        if (!(argv1 = runtime_malloc((uint32)size, exec_env->module_inst, NULL,
                                     0))) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < sizeof(WASMExecEnv *) / sizeof(uint32); i++)
        argv1[j++] = ((uint32 *)&exec_env)[i];

    for (i = 0; i < func_type->param_count; i++) {
        switch (func_type->types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
            {
                arg_i32 = *argv++;

                if (signature) {
                    if (signature[i + 1] == '*') {
                        /* param is a pointer */
                        if (signature[i + 2] == '~')
                            /* pointer with length followed */
                            ptr_len = *argv;
                        else
                            /* pointer without length followed */
                            ptr_len = 1;

                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_addr(module, arg_i32,
                                                            ptr_len))
                            goto fail;

                        arg_i32 = (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(
                            module, arg_i32);
                    }
                    else if (signature[i + 1] == '$') {
                        /* param is a string */
                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_str_addr(module,
                                                                arg_i32))
                            goto fail;

                        arg_i32 = (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(
                            module, arg_i32);
                    }
                }

                argv1[j++] = arg_i32;
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
#if !defined(BUILD_TARGET_X86_32)
                /* 64-bit data must be 8 bytes aligned in arm, thumb, mips
                   and xtensa */
                if (j & 1)
                    j++;
#endif
                argv1[j++] = *argv++;
                argv1[j++] = *argv++;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                argv1[j++] = *argv++;
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                uint32 externref_idx = *argv++;
                if (is_aot_func) {
                    argv1[j++] = externref_idx;
                }
                else {
                    void *externref_obj;

                    if (!wasm_externref_ref2obj(externref_idx, &externref_obj))
                        goto fail;

                    argv1[j++] = (uintptr_t)externref_obj;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }

    /* Save extra result values' address to argv1 */
    word_copy(argv1 + j, argv, ext_ret_count);

    argc1 = j + ext_ret_count;
    exec_env->attachment = attachment;
    if (func_type->result_count == 0) {
        invokeNative_Void(func_ptr, argv1, argc1);
    }
    else {
        switch (func_type->types[func_type->param_count]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
                argv_ret[0] =
                    (uint32)invokeNative_Int32(func_ptr, argv1, argc1);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                PUT_I64_TO_ADDR(argv_ret,
                                invokeNative_Int64(func_ptr, argv1, argc1));
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                *(float32 *)argv_ret =
                    invokeNative_Float32(func_ptr, argv1, argc1);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                PUT_F64_TO_ADDR(argv_ret,
                                invokeNative_Float64(func_ptr, argv1, argc1));
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                if (is_aot_func) {
                    uint32 externref_idx =
                        (uint32)invokeNative_Int32(func_ptr, argv1, argc1);
                    argv_ret[0] = externref_idx;
                }
                else {
                    void *externref_obj = (void *)(uintptr_t)invokeNative_Int32(
                        func_ptr, argv1, argc1);
                    uint32 externref_idx;
                    if (!wasm_externref_obj2ref(exec_env->module_inst,
                                                externref_obj, &externref_idx))
                        goto fail;
                    argv_ret[0] = externref_idx;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }
    exec_env->attachment = NULL;

    ret = !wasm_runtime_get_exception(module) ? true : false;

fail:
    if (argv1 != argv_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv1);
    return ret;
}

#endif /* end of defined(BUILD_TARGET_X86_32)   \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_ARM)   \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_THUMB) \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_MIPS)  \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_XTENSA) */

#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_X86_64) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_AMD_64)            \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_AARCH64) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64D) \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64)

#if WASM_ENABLE_SIMD != 0
#ifdef v128
#undef v128
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN32_)
typedef union __declspec(intrin_type) __declspec(align(8)) v128 {
    __int8 m128i_i8[16];
    __int16 m128i_i16[8];
    __int32 m128i_i32[4];
    __int64 m128i_i64[2];
    unsigned __int8 m128i_u8[16];
    unsigned __int16 m128i_u16[8];
    unsigned __int32 m128i_u32[4];
    unsigned __int64 m128i_u64[2];
} v128;
#elif defined(BUILD_TARGET_X86_64) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_AMD_64) \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64D)                         \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64)
typedef long long v128
    __attribute__((__vector_size__(16), __may_alias__, __aligned__(1)));
#elif defined(BUILD_TARGET_AARCH64)
#include <arm_neon.h>
typedef uint32x4_t __m128i;
#define v128 __m128i
#endif

#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_SIMD != 0 */

typedef void (*GenericFunctionPointer)();
void
invokeNative(GenericFunctionPointer f, uint64 *args, uint64 n_stacks);

typedef float64 (*Float64FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint64 *, uint64);
typedef float32 (*Float32FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint64 *, uint64);
typedef int64 (*Int64FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint64 *, uint64);
typedef int32 (*Int32FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint64 *, uint64);
typedef void (*VoidFuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint64 *, uint64);

static volatile Float64FuncPtr invokeNative_Float64 =
    (Float64FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Float32FuncPtr invokeNative_Float32 =
    (Float32FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Int64FuncPtr invokeNative_Int64 =
    (Int64FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile Int32FuncPtr invokeNative_Int32 =
    (Int32FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
static volatile VoidFuncPtr invokeNative_Void =
    (VoidFuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;

#if WASM_ENABLE_SIMD != 0
typedef v128 (*V128FuncPtr)(GenericFunctionPointer, uint64 *, uint64);
static V128FuncPtr invokeNative_V128 = (V128FuncPtr)(uintptr_t)invokeNative;
#endif

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN32_)
#define MAX_REG_FLOATS 4
#define MAX_REG_INTS 4
#else /* else of defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN32_) */
#define MAX_REG_FLOATS 8
#if defined(BUILD_TARGET_AARCH64) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64D) \
    || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64)
#define MAX_REG_INTS 8
#else
#define MAX_REG_INTS 6
#endif /* end of defined(BUILD_TARGET_AARCH64)   \
          || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64D) \
          || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64) */
#endif /* end of defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN32_) */

bool
wasm_runtime_invoke_native(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, void *func_ptr,
                           const WASMType *func_type, const char *signature,
                           void *attachment, uint32 *argv, uint32 argc,
                           uint32 *argv_ret)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module = wasm_runtime_get_module_inst(exec_env);
    uint64 argv_buf[32] = { 0 }, *argv1 = argv_buf, *ints, *stacks, size,
           arg_i64;
    uint32 *argv_src = argv, i, argc1, n_ints = 0, n_stacks = 0;
    uint32 arg_i32, ptr_len;
    uint32 result_count = func_type->result_count;
    uint32 ext_ret_count = result_count > 1 ? result_count - 1 : 0;
    bool ret = false;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
    bool is_aot_func = (NULL == signature);
#endif
#ifndef BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64
#if WASM_ENABLE_SIMD == 0
    uint64 *fps;
#else
    v128 *fps;
#endif
#else /* else of BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64 */
#define fps ints
#endif /* end of BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64 */

#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN32_) || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64)
    /* important difference in calling conventions */
#define n_fps n_ints
#else
    int n_fps = 0;
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_SIMD == 0
    argc1 = 1 + MAX_REG_FLOATS + (uint32)func_type->param_count + ext_ret_count;
#else
    argc1 = 1 + MAX_REG_FLOATS * 2 + (uint32)func_type->param_count * 2
            + ext_ret_count;
#endif
    if (argc1 > sizeof(argv_buf) / sizeof(uint64)) {
        size = sizeof(uint64) * (uint64)argc1;
        if (!(argv1 = runtime_malloc((uint32)size, exec_env->module_inst, NULL,
                                     0))) {
            return false;
        }
    }

#ifndef BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64
#if WASM_ENABLE_SIMD == 0
    fps = argv1;
    ints = fps + MAX_REG_FLOATS;
#else
    fps = (v128 *)argv1;
    ints = (uint64 *)(fps + MAX_REG_FLOATS);
#endif
#else  /* else of BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64 */
    ints = argv1;
#endif /* end of BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64 */
    stacks = ints + MAX_REG_INTS;

    ints[n_ints++] = (uint64)(uintptr_t)exec_env;

    for (i = 0; i < func_type->param_count; i++) {
        switch (func_type->types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
            {
                arg_i32 = *argv_src++;
                arg_i64 = arg_i32;
                if (signature) {
                    if (signature[i + 1] == '*') {
                        /* param is a pointer */
                        if (signature[i + 2] == '~')
                            /* pointer with length followed */
                            ptr_len = *argv_src;
                        else
                            /* pointer without length followed */
                            ptr_len = 1;

                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_addr(module, arg_i32,
                                                            ptr_len))
                            goto fail;

                        arg_i64 = (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(
                            module, arg_i32);
                    }
                    else if (signature[i + 1] == '$') {
                        /* param is a string */
                        if (!wasm_runtime_validate_app_str_addr(module,
                                                                arg_i32))
                            goto fail;

                        arg_i64 = (uintptr_t)wasm_runtime_addr_app_to_native(
                            module, arg_i32);
                    }
                }
                if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                    ints[n_ints++] = arg_i64;
                else
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = arg_i64;
                break;
            }
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                    ints[n_ints++] = *(uint64 *)argv_src;
                else
                    stacks[n_stacks++] = *(uint64 *)argv_src;
                argv_src += 2;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS) {
                    *(float32 *)&fps[n_fps++] = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                }
                else {
                    *(float32 *)&stacks[n_stacks++] = *(float32 *)argv_src++;
                }
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS) {
                    *(float64 *)&fps[n_fps++] = *(float64 *)argv_src;
                }
                else {
                    *(float64 *)&stacks[n_stacks++] = *(float64 *)argv_src;
                }
                argv_src += 2;
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                uint32 externref_idx = *argv_src++;
                if (is_aot_func) {
                    if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                        ints[n_ints++] = externref_idx;
                    else
                        stacks[n_stacks++] = externref_idx;
                }
                else {
                    void *externref_obj;

                    if (!wasm_externref_ref2obj(externref_idx, &externref_obj))
                        goto fail;

                    if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
                        ints[n_ints++] = (uintptr_t)externref_obj;
                    else
                        stacks[n_stacks++] = (uintptr_t)externref_obj;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_SIMD != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_V128:
                if (n_fps < MAX_REG_FLOATS) {
                    *(v128 *)&fps[n_fps++] = *(v128 *)argv_src;
                }
                else {
                    *(v128 *)&stacks[n_stacks++] = *(v128 *)argv_src;
                    n_stacks++;
                }
                argv_src += 4;
                break;
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }

    /* Save extra result values' address to argv1 */
    for (i = 0; i < ext_ret_count; i++) {
        if (n_ints < MAX_REG_INTS)
            ints[n_ints++] = *(uint64 *)argv_src;
        else
            stacks[n_stacks++] = *(uint64 *)argv_src;
        argv_src += 2;
    }

    exec_env->attachment = attachment;
    if (result_count == 0) {
        invokeNative_Void(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
    }
    else {
        /* Invoke the native function and get the first result value */
        switch (func_type->types[func_type->param_count]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF:
#endif
                argv_ret[0] =
                    (uint32)invokeNative_Int32(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                PUT_I64_TO_ADDR(argv_ret,
                                invokeNative_Int64(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks));
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                *(float32 *)argv_ret =
                    invokeNative_Float32(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                PUT_F64_TO_ADDR(
                    argv_ret, invokeNative_Float64(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks));
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
            {
                if (is_aot_func) {
                    argv_ret[0] = invokeNative_Int32(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
                }
                else {
                    uint32 externref_idx;
                    void *externref_obj = (void *)(uintptr_t)invokeNative_Int64(
                        func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);

                    if (!wasm_externref_obj2ref(exec_env->module_inst,
                                                externref_obj, &externref_idx))
                        goto fail;

                    argv_ret[0] = externref_idx;
                }
                break;
            }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_SIMD != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_V128:
                *(v128 *)argv_ret =
                    invokeNative_V128(func_ptr, argv1, n_stacks);
                break;
#endif
            default:
                bh_assert(0);
                break;
        }
    }
    exec_env->attachment = NULL;

    ret = !wasm_runtime_get_exception(module) ? true : false;
fail:
    if (argv1 != argv_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(argv1);

    return ret;
}

#endif /* end of defined(BUILD_TARGET_X86_64)           \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_AMD_64)        \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_AARCH64)       \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64D) \
                 || defined(BUILD_TARGET_RISCV64_LP64) */

bool
wasm_runtime_call_indirect(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, uint32 element_indices,
                           uint32 argc, uint32 argv[])
{
    if (!wasm_runtime_exec_env_check(exec_env)) {
        LOG_ERROR("Invalid exec env stack info.");
        return false;
    }

    /* this function is called from native code, so exec_env->handle and
       exec_env->native_stack_boundary must have been set, we don't set
       it again */

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (exec_env->module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        return wasm_call_indirect(exec_env, 0, element_indices, argc, argv);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (exec_env->module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        return aot_call_indirect(exec_env, 0, element_indices, argc, argv);
#endif
    return false;
}

static void
exchange_uint32(uint8 *p_data)
{
    uint8 value = *p_data;
    *p_data = *(p_data + 3);
    *(p_data + 3) = value;

    value = *(p_data + 1);
    *(p_data + 1) = *(p_data + 2);
    *(p_data + 2) = value;
}

static void
exchange_uint64(uint8 *p_data)
{
    uint32 value;

    value = *(uint32 *)p_data;
    *(uint32 *)p_data = *(uint32 *)(p_data + 4);
    *(uint32 *)(p_data + 4) = value;
    exchange_uint32(p_data);
    exchange_uint32(p_data + 4);
}

void
wasm_runtime_read_v128(const uint8 *bytes, uint64 *ret1, uint64 *ret2)
{
    uint64 u1, u2;

    bh_memcpy_s(&u1, 8, bytes, 8);
    bh_memcpy_s(&u2, 8, bytes + 8, 8);

    if (!is_little_endian()) {
        exchange_uint64((uint8 *)&u1);
        exchange_uint64((uint8 *)&u2);
        *ret1 = u2;
        *ret2 = u1;
    }
    else {
        *ret1 = u1;
        *ret2 = u2;
    }
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR != 0
typedef struct WASMThreadArg {
    WASMExecEnv *new_exec_env;
    wasm_thread_callback_t callback;
    void *arg;
} WASMThreadArg;

WASMExecEnv *
wasm_runtime_spawn_exec_env(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    return wasm_cluster_spawn_exec_env(exec_env);
}

void
wasm_runtime_destroy_spawned_exec_env(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    wasm_cluster_destroy_spawned_exec_env(exec_env);
}

static void *
wasm_runtime_thread_routine(void *arg)
{
    WASMThreadArg *thread_arg = (WASMThreadArg *)arg;
    void *ret;

    bh_assert(thread_arg->new_exec_env);
    ret = thread_arg->callback(thread_arg->new_exec_env, thread_arg->arg);

    wasm_runtime_destroy_spawned_exec_env(thread_arg->new_exec_env);
    wasm_runtime_free(thread_arg);

    os_thread_exit(ret);
    return ret;
}

int32
wasm_runtime_spawn_thread(WASMExecEnv *exec_env, wasm_thread_t *tid,
                          wasm_thread_callback_t callback, void *arg)
{
    WASMExecEnv *new_exec_env = wasm_runtime_spawn_exec_env(exec_env);
    WASMThreadArg *thread_arg;
    int32 ret;

    if (!new_exec_env)
        return -1;

    if (!(thread_arg = wasm_runtime_malloc(sizeof(WASMThreadArg)))) {
        wasm_runtime_destroy_spawned_exec_env(new_exec_env);
        return -1;
    }

    thread_arg->new_exec_env = new_exec_env;
    thread_arg->callback = callback;
    thread_arg->arg = arg;

    ret = os_thread_create((korp_tid *)tid, wasm_runtime_thread_routine,
                           thread_arg, APP_THREAD_STACK_SIZE_DEFAULT);

    if (ret != 0) {
        wasm_runtime_destroy_spawned_exec_env(new_exec_env);
        wasm_runtime_free(thread_arg);
    }

    return ret;
}

int32
wasm_runtime_join_thread(wasm_thread_t tid, void **retval)
{
    return os_thread_join((korp_tid)tid, retval);
}

#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_THREAD_MGR */

#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0

static korp_mutex externref_lock;
static uint32 externref_global_id = 1;
static HashMap *externref_map;

typedef struct ExternRefMapNode {
    /* The extern object from runtime embedder */
    void *extern_obj;
    /* The module instance it belongs to */
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst;
    /* Whether it is retained */
    bool retained;
    /* Whether it is marked by runtime */
    bool marked;
} ExternRefMapNode;

static uint32
wasm_externref_hash(const void *key)
{
    uint32 externref_idx = (uint32)(uintptr_t)key;
    return externref_idx;
}

static bool
wasm_externref_equal(void *key1, void *key2)
{
    uint32 externref_idx1 = (uint32)(uintptr_t)key1;
    uint32 externref_idx2 = (uint32)(uintptr_t)key2;
    return externref_idx1 == externref_idx2 ? true : false;
}

static bool
wasm_externref_map_init()
{
    if (os_mutex_init(&externref_lock) != 0)
        return false;

    if (!(externref_map = bh_hash_map_create(32, false, wasm_externref_hash,
                                             wasm_externref_equal, NULL,
                                             wasm_runtime_free))) {
        os_mutex_destroy(&externref_lock);
        return false;
    }

    externref_global_id = 1;
    return true;
}

static void
wasm_externref_map_destroy()
{
    bh_hash_map_destroy(externref_map);
    os_mutex_destroy(&externref_lock);
}

typedef struct LookupExtObj_UserData {
    ExternRefMapNode node;
    bool found;
    uint32 externref_idx;
} LookupExtObj_UserData;

static void
lookup_extobj_callback(void *key, void *value, void *user_data)
{
    uint32 externref_idx = (uint32)(uintptr_t)key;
    ExternRefMapNode *node = (ExternRefMapNode *)value;
    LookupExtObj_UserData *user_data_lookup =
        (LookupExtObj_UserData *)user_data;

    if (node->extern_obj == user_data_lookup->node.extern_obj
        && node->module_inst == user_data_lookup->node.module_inst) {
        user_data_lookup->found = true;
        user_data_lookup->externref_idx = externref_idx;
    }
}

bool
wasm_externref_obj2ref(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst, void *extern_obj,
                       uint32 *p_externref_idx)
{
    LookupExtObj_UserData lookup_user_data = { 0 };
    ExternRefMapNode *node;
    uint32 externref_idx;

    /*
     * to catch a parameter from `wasm_application_execute_func`,
     * which represents a string 'null'
     */
#if UINTPTR_MAX == UINT32_MAX
    if ((uint32)-1 == (uintptr_t)extern_obj) {
#else
    if ((uint64)-1LL == (uintptr_t)extern_obj) {
#endif
        *p_externref_idx = NULL_REF;
        return true;
    }

    /* in a wrapper, extern_obj could be any value */
    lookup_user_data.node.extern_obj = extern_obj;
    lookup_user_data.node.module_inst = module_inst;
    lookup_user_data.found = false;

    os_mutex_lock(&externref_lock);

    /* Lookup hashmap firstly */
    bh_hash_map_traverse(externref_map, lookup_extobj_callback,
                         (void *)&lookup_user_data);
    if (lookup_user_data.found) {
        *p_externref_idx = lookup_user_data.externref_idx;
        os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);
        return true;
    }

    /* Not found in hashmap */
    if (externref_global_id == NULL_REF || externref_global_id == 0) {
        goto fail1;
    }

    if (!(node = wasm_runtime_malloc(sizeof(ExternRefMapNode)))) {
        goto fail1;
    }

    memset(node, 0, sizeof(ExternRefMapNode));
    node->extern_obj = extern_obj;
    node->module_inst = module_inst;

    externref_idx = externref_global_id;

    if (!bh_hash_map_insert(externref_map, (void *)(uintptr_t)externref_idx,
                            (void *)node)) {
        goto fail2;
    }

    externref_global_id++;
    *p_externref_idx = externref_idx;
    os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);
    return true;
fail2:
    wasm_runtime_free(node);
fail1:
    os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_externref_ref2obj(uint32 externref_idx, void **p_extern_obj)
{
    ExternRefMapNode *node;

    /* catch a `ref.null` vairable */
    if (externref_idx == NULL_REF) {
        *p_extern_obj = NULL;
        return true;
    }

    os_mutex_lock(&externref_lock);
    node = bh_hash_map_find(externref_map, (void *)(uintptr_t)externref_idx);
    os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);

    if (!node)
        return false;

    *p_extern_obj = node->extern_obj;
    return true;
}

static void
reclaim_extobj_callback(void *key, void *value, void *user_data)
{
    ExternRefMapNode *node = (ExternRefMapNode *)value;
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        (WASMModuleInstanceCommon *)user_data;

    if (node->module_inst == module_inst) {
        if (!node->marked && !node->retained) {
            bh_hash_map_remove(externref_map, key, NULL, NULL);
            wasm_runtime_free(value);
        }
        else {
            node->marked = false;
        }
    }
}

static void
mark_externref(uint32 externref_idx)
{
    ExternRefMapNode *node;

    if (externref_idx != NULL_REF) {
        node =
            bh_hash_map_find(externref_map, (void *)(uintptr_t)externref_idx);
        if (node) {
            node->marked = true;
        }
    }
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
static void
interp_mark_all_externrefs(WASMModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    uint32 i, j, externref_idx, *table_data;
    uint8 *global_data = module_inst->global_data;
    WASMGlobalInstance *global;
    WASMTableInstance *table;

    global = module_inst->globals;
    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->global_count; i++, global++) {
        if (global->type == VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF) {
            externref_idx = *(uint32 *)(global_data + global->data_offset);
            mark_externref(externref_idx);
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < module_inst->table_count; i++) {
        table = wasm_get_table_inst(module_inst, i);
        if (table->elem_type == VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF) {
            table_data = (uint32 *)table->base_addr;
            for (j = 0; j < table->cur_size; j++) {
                externref_idx = table_data[j];
                mark_externref(externref_idx);
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
static void
aot_mark_all_externrefs(AOTModuleInstance *module_inst)
{
    uint32 i = 0, j = 0;
    const AOTModule *module = (AOTModule *)(module_inst->aot_module.ptr);
    const AOTTable *table = module->tables;
    const AOTGlobal *global = module->globals;
    const AOTTableInstance *table_inst =
        (AOTTableInstance *)module_inst->tables.ptr;

    for (i = 0; i < module->global_count; i++, global++) {
        if (global->type == VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF) {
            mark_externref(*(uint32 *)((uint8 *)module_inst->global_data.ptr
                                       + global->data_offset));
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < module->table_count;
         i++, table_inst = aot_next_tbl_inst(table_inst)) {

        if ((table + i)->elem_type == VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF) {
            while (j < table_inst->cur_size) {
                mark_externref(table_inst->data[j++]);
            }
        }
    }
}
#endif

void
wasm_externref_reclaim(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    os_mutex_lock(&externref_lock);
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode)
        interp_mark_all_externrefs((WASMModuleInstance *)module_inst);
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT)
        aot_mark_all_externrefs((AOTModuleInstance *)module_inst);
#endif

    bh_hash_map_traverse(externref_map, reclaim_extobj_callback,
                         (void *)module_inst);
    os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);
}

static void
cleanup_extobj_callback(void *key, void *value, void *user_data)
{
    ExternRefMapNode *node = (ExternRefMapNode *)value;
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        (WASMModuleInstanceCommon *)user_data;

    if (node->module_inst == module_inst) {
        bh_hash_map_remove(externref_map, key, NULL, NULL);
        wasm_runtime_free(value);
    }
}

void
wasm_externref_cleanup(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst)
{
    os_mutex_lock(&externref_lock);
    bh_hash_map_traverse(externref_map, cleanup_extobj_callback,
                         (void *)module_inst);
    os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);
}

bool
wasm_externref_retain(uint32 externref_idx)
{
    ExternRefMapNode *node;

    os_mutex_lock(&externref_lock);

    if (externref_idx != NULL_REF) {
        node =
            bh_hash_map_find(externref_map, (void *)(uintptr_t)externref_idx);
        if (node) {
            node->retained = true;
            os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);
            return true;
        }
    }

    os_mutex_unlock(&externref_lock);
    return false;
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES */

#if WASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK != 0
uint32
wasm_runtime_dump_line_buf_impl(const char *line_buf, bool dump_or_print,
                                char **buf, uint32 *len)
{
    if (dump_or_print) {
        return (uint32)os_printf("%s", line_buf);
    }
    else if (*buf) {
        uint32 dump_len;

        dump_len = snprintf(*buf, *len, "%s", line_buf);
        if (dump_len >= *len) {
            dump_len = *len;
        }

        *len = *len - dump_len;
        *buf = *buf + dump_len;
        return dump_len;
    }
    else {
        return strlen(line_buf);
    }
}

void
wasm_runtime_dump_call_stack(WASMExecEnv *exec_env)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        wasm_exec_env_get_module_inst(exec_env);
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        wasm_interp_dump_call_stack(exec_env, true, NULL, 0);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        aot_dump_call_stack(exec_env, true, NULL, 0);
    }
#endif
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_get_call_stack_buf_size(wasm_exec_env_t exec_env)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        wasm_exec_env_get_module_inst(exec_env);

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        return wasm_interp_dump_call_stack(exec_env, false, NULL, 0);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        return aot_dump_call_stack(exec_env, false, NULL, 0);
    }
#endif

    return 0;
}

uint32
wasm_runtime_dump_call_stack_to_buf(wasm_exec_env_t exec_env, char *buf,
                                    uint32 len)
{
    WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst =
        wasm_exec_env_get_module_inst(exec_env);

#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        return wasm_interp_dump_call_stack(exec_env, false, buf, len);
    }
#endif
#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_inst->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        return aot_dump_call_stack(exec_env, false, buf, len);
    }
#endif

    return 0;
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK */

bool
wasm_runtime_get_export_func_type(const WASMModuleCommon *module_comm,
                                  const WASMExport *export, WASMType **out)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        WASMModule *module = (WASMModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_function_count) {
            *out = module->import_functions[export->index].u.function.func_type;
        }
        else {
            *out =
                module->functions[export->index - module->import_function_count]
                    ->func_type;
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        AOTModule *module = (AOTModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_func_count) {
            *out = module->func_types[module->import_funcs[export->index]
                                          .func_type_index];
        }
        else {
            *out = module->func_types
                       [module->func_type_indexes[export->index
                                                  - module->import_func_count]];
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_get_export_global_type(const WASMModuleCommon *module_comm,
                                    const WASMExport *export,
                                    uint8 *out_val_type, bool *out_mutability)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        WASMModule *module = (WASMModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_global_count) {
            WASMGlobalImport *import_global =
                &((module->import_globals + export->index)->u.global);
            *out_val_type = import_global->type;
            *out_mutability = import_global->is_mutable;
        }
        else {
            WASMGlobal *global =
                module->globals + (export->index - module->import_global_count);
            *out_val_type = global->type;
            *out_mutability = global->is_mutable;
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        AOTModule *module = (AOTModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_global_count) {
            AOTImportGlobal *import_global =
                module->import_globals + export->index;
            *out_val_type = import_global->type;
            *out_mutability = import_global->is_mutable;
        }
        else {
            AOTGlobal *global =
                module->globals + (export->index - module->import_global_count);
            *out_val_type = global->type;
            *out_mutability = global->is_mutable;
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_get_export_memory_type(const WASMModuleCommon *module_comm,
                                    const WASMExport *export,
                                    uint32 *out_min_page, uint32 *out_max_page)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        WASMModule *module = (WASMModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_memory_count) {
            WASMMemoryImport *import_memory =
                &((module->import_memories + export->index)->u.memory);
            *out_min_page = import_memory->init_page_count;
            *out_max_page = import_memory->max_page_count;
        }
        else {
            WASMMemory *memory =
                module->memories
                + (export->index - module->import_memory_count);
            *out_min_page = memory->init_page_count;
            *out_max_page = memory->max_page_count;
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        AOTModule *module = (AOTModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_memory_count) {
            AOTImportMemory *import_memory =
                module->import_memories + export->index;
            *out_min_page = import_memory->mem_init_page_count;
            *out_max_page = import_memory->mem_max_page_count;
        }
        else {
            AOTMemory *memory = module->memories
                                + (export->index - module->import_memory_count);
            *out_min_page = memory->mem_init_page_count;
            *out_max_page = memory->mem_max_page_count;
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif
    return false;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_get_export_table_type(const WASMModuleCommon *module_comm,
                                   const WASMExport *export,
                                   uint8 *out_elem_type, uint32 *out_min_size,
                                   uint32 *out_max_size)
{
#if WASM_ENABLE_INTERP != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_Bytecode) {
        WASMModule *module = (WASMModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_table_count) {
            WASMTableImport *import_table =
                &((module->import_tables + export->index)->u.table);
            *out_elem_type = import_table->elem_type;
            *out_min_size = import_table->init_size;
            *out_max_size = import_table->max_size;
        }
        else {
            WASMTable *table =
                module->tables + (export->index - module->import_table_count);
            *out_elem_type = table->elem_type;
            *out_min_size = table->init_size;
            *out_max_size = table->max_size;
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif

#if WASM_ENABLE_AOT != 0
    if (module_comm->module_type == Wasm_Module_AoT) {
        AOTModule *module = (AOTModule *)module_comm;

        if (export->index < module->import_table_count) {
            AOTImportTable *import_table =
                module->import_tables + export->index;
            *out_elem_type = VALUE_TYPE_FUNCREF;
            *out_min_size = import_table->table_init_size;
            *out_max_size = import_table->table_max_size;
        }
        else {
            AOTTable *table =
                module->tables + (export->index - module->import_table_count);
            *out_elem_type = table->elem_type;
            *out_min_size = table->table_init_size;
            *out_max_size = table->table_max_size;
        }
        return true;
    }
#endif
    return false;
}

static inline bool
argv_to_params(wasm_val_t *out_params, const uint32 *argv, WASMType *func_type)
{
    wasm_val_t *param = out_params;
    uint32 i = 0, *u32;

    for (i = 0; i < func_type->param_count; i++, param++) {
        switch (func_type->types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
                param->kind = WASM_I32;
                param->of.i32 = *argv++;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
                param->kind = WASM_I64;
                u32 = (uint32 *)&param->of.i64;
                u32[0] = *argv++;
                u32[1] = *argv++;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                param->kind = WASM_F32;
                param->of.f32 = *(float32 *)argv++;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                param->kind = WASM_F64;
                u32 = (uint32 *)&param->of.i64;
                u32[0] = *argv++;
                u32[1] = *argv++;
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
                param->kind = WASM_ANYREF;

                if (!wasm_externref_ref2obj(*argv,
                                            (void **)&param->of.foreign)) {
                    return false;
                }

                argv++;
                break;
#endif
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

static inline bool
results_to_argv(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst, uint32 *out_argv,
                const wasm_val_t *results, WASMType *func_type)
{
    const wasm_val_t *result = results;
    uint32 *argv = out_argv, *u32, i;
    uint8 *result_types = func_type->types + func_type->param_count;

    for (i = 0; i < func_type->result_count; i++, result++) {
        switch (result_types[i]) {
            case VALUE_TYPE_I32:
            case VALUE_TYPE_F32:
                *(int32 *)argv++ = result->of.i32;
                break;
            case VALUE_TYPE_I64:
            case VALUE_TYPE_F64:
                u32 = (uint32 *)&result->of.i64;
                *argv++ = u32[0];
                *argv++ = u32[1];
                break;
#if WASM_ENABLE_REF_TYPES != 0
            case VALUE_TYPE_EXTERNREF:
                if (!wasm_externref_obj2ref(module_inst,
                                            (void *)result->of.foreign, argv)) {
                    return false;
                }
                argv++;
                break;
#endif
            default:
                return false;
        }
    }

    return true;
}

bool
wasm_runtime_invoke_c_api_native(WASMModuleInstanceCommon *module_inst,
                                 void *func_ptr, WASMType *func_type,
                                 uint32 argc, uint32 *argv, bool with_env,
                                 void *wasm_c_api_env)
{
    wasm_val_t params_buf[16] = { 0 }, results_buf[4] = { 0 };
    wasm_val_t *params = params_buf, *results = results_buf;
    wasm_trap_t *trap = NULL;
    bool ret = false;
    wasm_val_vec_t params_vec, results_vec;

    if (func_type->param_count > 16) {
        if (!(params =
                  runtime_malloc(sizeof(wasm_val_t) * func_type->param_count,
                                 module_inst, NULL, 0))) {
            wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, "allocate memory failed");
            return false;
        }
    }

    if (!argv_to_params(params, argv, func_type)) {
        wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, "unsupported param type");
        goto fail;
    }

    if (func_type->result_count > 4) {
        if (!(results =
                  runtime_malloc(sizeof(wasm_val_t) * func_type->result_count,
                                 module_inst, NULL, 0))) {
            wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, "allocate memory failed");
            goto fail;
        }
    }

    params_vec.data = params;
    params_vec.num_elems = func_type->param_count;
    params_vec.size = func_type->param_count;
    params_vec.size_of_elem = sizeof(wasm_val_t);

    results_vec.data = results;
    results_vec.num_elems = 0;
    results_vec.size = func_type->result_count;
    results_vec.size_of_elem = sizeof(wasm_val_t);

    if (!with_env) {
        wasm_func_callback_t callback = (wasm_func_callback_t)func_ptr;
        trap = callback(&params_vec, &results_vec);
    }
    else {
        wasm_func_callback_with_env_t callback =
            (wasm_func_callback_with_env_t)func_ptr;
        trap = callback(wasm_c_api_env, &params_vec, &results_vec);
    }

    if (trap) {
        if (trap->message->data) {
            /* since trap->message->data does not end with '\0' */
            char trap_message[128] = { 0 };
            bh_memcpy_s(trap_message, 127, trap->message->data,
                        (trap->message->size < 127 ? (uint32)trap->message->size
                                                   : 127));
            wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, trap_message);
        }
        else {
            wasm_runtime_set_exception(
                module_inst, "native function throw unknown exception");
        }
        wasm_trap_delete(trap);
        goto fail;
    }

    if (!results_to_argv(module_inst, argv, results, func_type)) {
        wasm_runtime_set_exception(module_inst, "unsupported result type");
        goto fail;
    }
    results_vec.num_elems = func_type->result_count;
    ret = true;

fail:
    if (params != params_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(params);
    if (results != results_buf)
        wasm_runtime_free(results);
    return ret;
}

void
wasm_runtime_show_app_heap_corrupted_prompt()
{
    LOG_ERROR("Error: app heap is corrupted, if the wasm file "
              "is compiled by wasi-sdk-12.0 or higher version, "
              "please add -Wl,--export=malloc -Wl,--export=free "
              "to export malloc and free functions. If it is "
              "compiled by asc, please add --exportRuntime to "
              "export the runtime helpers.");
}

#if WASM_ENABLE_LOAD_CUSTOM_SECTION != 0
void
wasm_runtime_destroy_custom_sections(WASMCustomSection *section_list)
{
    WASMCustomSection *section = section_list, *next;
    while (section) {
        next = section->next;
        wasm_runtime_free(section);
        section = next;
    }
}
#endif /* end of WASM_ENABLE_LOAD_CUSTOM_SECTION */